{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033{\fonttbl{\f0\fswiss\fprq2\fcharset0 Arial;}{\f1\fnil\fcharset0 Courier New;}{\f2\fnil\fcharset0 MS Shell Dlg 2;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue255;} {\*\generator Msftedit 5.41.21.2510;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\nowidctlpar\f0\fs20 \par \par Material Culture of Religion: Architectural terms, physical objects found in sanctuaries\par \par \par

\par

Material Culture of Religion Glossary: First Section

\par

MATERIAL CULTURE OF RELIGION:\par ARCHITECTURAL TERMS, PHYSICAL OBJECTS FOUND IN or NEAR SANCTUARIES

\par
\par (Click here to see bibliography)
\par (Click here to return to main page of glossary)
\par (Click here to go to the second section of glossary)
\par (Click here to go to the third section of glossary)
\par (Click here to go to the fourth section of glossary)
\par
\par Click on the first letter of the word, below, or scroll down to your selection:
\par

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P QR S T U V W XYZ


\par

A

\par abutment
\par Solid masonry placed to counteract the lateral thrust of a vault or arch.
\par
\par acanthus
\par A plant with thick, fleshy, scalloped leaves used on carved ornaments of Corinthian and Composite capitals, and on other moldings.
\par
\par acroterium (plural: acroteria)
\par A block on the lower edge of a pediment to support statuary or decoration.
\par
\par Acts and Monuments
\par Book by John Foxe. Published in Latin in 1554 and in English in 1563. Popularly known as "Foxe's Book of Martyrs".
\par
\par Advancement of Learning
\par Book by Roger Bacon. 1605.
\par
\par adytum
\par The inner sanctuary of a Greek temple, where oracles were delivered; also, any private sanctuary.
\par
\par Adi Granth
\par (see: Guru Granth Sahib)
\par
\par \'e6dicule (or, \'e6dicula
\par
    \par
  1. A shrine framed by two columns supporting an entablature and pediment, set in a temple and containing a statue.
    2. \par
  2. The framing of a door, window, or other opening with two columns, piers or pilasters supporting a gable, lintel, plaque, or an entablature and pediment.
    3. \par
  3. A steel and glass canopy at an entry.
    4. \par
\par
\par Agam
\par A family, patron or secret deity enshrined in a special building; no one who is not an initiate can enter this shrine.
\par
\par Agama
\par
    \par
  1. The collection of sutras, or discourses of the Buddha, which are used in the Sanskrit-based tradition of Buddhism.
    2. \par
  2. The scripture of Jainism, believed by some to be the actual sermons given by Mahavira to his disciples.
    3. \par
\par
\par agni
\par Hindu: Holy or sanctified fire at the altar in a temple.
\par
\par aisle
\par Christian: An aisle is a division of a church, usually flanking the nave on each side and divided from it by columns or piers; it runs parallel to the main areas - nave, choir and transept - and is (typically in cathedrals) separated from them by an arcade. In Midwestern vernacular usage, an aisle is the linear empty passageway or path between rows of pews or chairs; typically, there are three: one in the center and two more at the left and right sides of the seating area(s). The word originally described sections of a church building added on as wings (from the French aile ) to the sides of the long, central area, or nave.
\par
\par Akhand Ramayana
\par Hindu: Scripture xxxx.
\par
\par akshatha
\par Hindu: Sacred rice used during worship.
\par
\par alabaster
\par A building material; often used for columns.
\par
\par alb
\par Christian: A full-length white linen garment worn by clergy when celebrating communion.
\par
\par almonry
\par Christian: The room in a monastery in which alms are distributed.
\par
\par altar
\par
    \par
  1. A structure on which to place or sacrifice offerings to a deity.
    2. \par
  2. In classical antiquity, the altar was usually constructed of stone and situated in the open air at some distance to the east or at the entrance of the temple. Sacrifices to the gods and spirits of the earth were performed here. Since in most cultures substitute offerings have come to take the place of living beings, the term has come to designate any raised place or table, whether outside or in a shrine, church or temple, upon which offerings are placed
    3. \par
  3. Christian: Also called altar table, Lord's Supper Table, Lord\rquote s Table, or communion table; it is the surface on which clergy prepare the Eucharist.
    4. \par
  4. Christian (Roman Catholic): The consecrated table, either fixed or portable, upon which the Mass is celebrated.
    5. \par
  5. Christian: The altar often is the focal point of the church. Once solid, and usually made of stone, the altar is now often made in simple, table-like shapes in stone, wood or other material. Once always placed against the back wall of the apse, altars now often are moved away from the wall so that the clergy face the congregation when preparing communion.
    6. \par
\par
\par altar (as an architectural concept)
\par The altar signals the place of arrival and rebirth. It is the focal point of the sanctuary, the seed within the pod of its enclosing floor, walls and roof, the world navel. Because the altar serves as the power point for regeneration, it is usually raised or lowered in relation to its surroundings. When lowered, it represents the open womb from which creation springs. A raised altar suggests the swelling of seed energies sprouting into diverse expressions. Often a semicircular wall called an apse defines this part of the sanctuary. The enclosing space takes on the role of the womb; the raised altar is the germinating inner force. Light is greatest here. Coming from east-facing windows or groupings of candles, it energizes the renewing ritual. (adapted from The Temple in the House)
\par
\par ambulatory
\par A semicircular or polygonal aisle enclosing an apse or a straight-ended sanctuary, which provides passage around the sanctuary; originally used for processional purposes. In Gothic Christian church architecture, it usually is a continuation of the side aisles around a chancel or apse, providing space for processions around the sanctuary.
\par
\par amphitheater
\par An elliptical or circular space surrounded by rising tiers of seats for an audience.
\par
\par Analects of Confucius (or, Lun Yu)
\par One of the Four Books, that, along with the Five Classics, comprise the Confucian Canon.
\par
\par anse de panier\par An arch formed by a segment of a large circle continued left and right by two segments of much smaller circles. Also called three-centered arch or basket arch.
\par
\par antechurch (or, forechurch)
\par An appendix to the west end of a church, resembling a porch or a narthex, but several bays deep and usually consisting of nave and aisles.
\par
\par antependium
\par A covering for the front of an altar, usually of metal or fabric.
\par
\par anthemion
\par Ornament based on honeysuckle flower and leaves, common in Greek and Roman architectural styles.
\par
\par apocrypha
\par
    \par
  1. Books from the Hebrew Bible included in the (Jewish) Septuagint and (Roman Catholic) Vulgate but excluded from the Protestant canon of the Old Testament.
    2. \par
  2. Christian: Early Christian writings not included in the generally accepted version of the New Testament.
    3. \par
  3. Christian: The Protestant apocrypha generally consists of: 1-2 Esdras, Tobit, Judith, additions of Esther, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus (or the Wisom of Jesus Son of Sirach), Baruch, Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Holy Children, Susanna, Bel and the Dragon, the Prayer of Manasses, 1-2 Maccabees.
    4. \par
\par apex stone (or, saddle stone)
\par The top stone in a gable end.
\par
\par apodyterium
\par
    \par
  1. Dressing room of a (public or quasi-public) bath.
    2. \par
  2. Jewish: The dressing room adjacent to a miqvah.
    3. \par
\par
\par apron
\par A raised panel below a window-sill, sometimes shaped and decorated.
\par
\par apse
\par
    \par
  1. A curved recess, often semi-circular, projecting from a building.
    2. \par
  2. Christian: A vaulted semicircular or polygonal termination, usually to a chancel or chapel. In traditional church construction, an apse is the vaulted end portion of a nave, transept or aisle, usually the circular or angular typically east end of a church.
    3. \par
  3. The eastern end of a basilica, usually semicircular in shape and arranged to accommodate the seats of clergy behind the altar.
    4. \par
\par
\par apsidal
\par An adjectival form of apse, usually referring to the semicircular end of a church, especially the east end of a Gothic Christian cathedral.
\par
\par arcade
\par
    \par
  1. Row of arches supported by freestanding or engaged piers or columns.
    2. \par
  2. A range of arches carried on piers or columns, either free-standing or blind (i.e. attached to a wall).
    3. \par
\par
\par arch
\par Structure, usually curved, spanning an opening and supporting the weight of upper parts of buildings, such as domes. An arch is designed so that it can be supported only from the sides. The style of the arch often provides a clue to the overall style of the church. In general, rounded arches indicate Romanesque and pointed arches indicate Gothic. Other common types of arches are basket, discharging, drop, elliptical, four-centered, horseshoe (also known as Moorish), lancet, ogee, pointed, relieving, segmental, shouldered, stilted, Tudor and trefoil.
\par
\par architrave
\par In classical architecture: The lowest division of the entablature, resting directly upon the capitals of the supporting columns. Or, the molded frame of a window or a door; a collective term for the elements composing the molding around a door or window. Or, the beam or lowest division of the entablature that extends from column to column.
\par
\par arena
\par
    \par
  1. The central open space of an amphitheater.
    2. \par
  2. Any building for public contests or displays in the open air.
    3. \par
\par
\par ark (or, echal)
\par
    \par
  1. A sacred box or container.
    2. \par
  2. Jewish: Refers to the container for the tablets outlining the covenant with God.
    3. \par
  3. Christian: Usually refers to Noah's Ark, as in the Biblical story.
    4. \par
\par
\par aten
\par Ancient Egyptian: the solar disk.
\par
\par
\par atrium
\par Central courtyard or hall open to the sky and surrounded on all sides by roofed areas, often with a colonnade. In traditional Christian church architecture: an open court in front of a church, usually a colonnaded quadrangle.
\par
\par attice
\par See spire.
\par
\par aumbry (or, ambry)
\par A cupboard or recess used to keep sacred vessels.
\par
\par Avesta
\par Zoroastrian: Scriptures of Zoroastrianism, of which only a fragment survives..
\par
\par axis
\par Christian: Traditional churches are aligned on a west-to-east axis, with the main entrance at the west end and the chancel at the east end: a path of salvation leading to the altar, the symbol of communion with Christ, a journey from the base desires of humans to submission to the Godhead. The worshipper follows the path along the axis to the redemptive sacred place, where humans and God were joined by the celebration of the Eucharist, a threshold between earth and heaven. The axis, with its distinct beginning and end, demonstrates Christianity's linear timeline.
\par
\par

B

\par bahal
\par Buddhist: A two-story monastery enclosing a courtyard.
\par
\par bahil
\par Buddhist: A monastery, smaller and simpler than a bahal.
\par
\par balcony
\par A platform projecting from a wall, enclosed by a railing or balustrade, supported on brackets or columns or cantilevered out.
\par
\par baluster
\par A short post or pillar in a series supporting a rail or coping and thus forming a balustrade.
\par
\par baptismal font
\par Christian: An often ornate, usually raised baptismal water holder alongside which a "sprinkling" baptism takes place.
\par
\par baptismal pool
\par Christian: A large baptismal water holder, usually recessed, where immersion baptism takes place.
\par
\par baptistery (or, baptistry)
\par Christian: A separate building or part of a church used for baptismal rites and containing a baptismal font or (less often)baptismal pool.
\par
\par bargeboards
\par Projecting boards placed against the incline of the gable of a building and hiding the ends of the horizontal roof timbers; sometimes decorated (common in Gothic revival buildings).
\par
\par Baroque
\par Late Renaissance (17th and 18th century) European architectural style, typified by bold, highly elaborate decoration.
\par
\par barrel vault
\par Single vault with a continuous, semicircular section; also known as a tunnel vault or wagon vault.
\par
\par Barrow, Henry
\par British. Puritan separatist. Executed about 1560.
\par
\par bartizan
\par A small turret projecting from the angle on the top of a tower or parapet.
\par
\par basilica
\par
    \par
  1. Originally a Roman public hall consisting of a large room with side aisles.
    2. \par
  2. Christian: A traditional style for a church, which is divided into a nave and two or more aisles, the former higher and wider than the latter, often lit by the windows of a clerestory and with, or without, a gallery.
    \par
\par
\par basilichetta
\par xxxx
\par
\par basket arch
\par An arch formed by a segment of a large circle continued left and right by two segments of much smaller circles. Also called three-centered arch or anse de panier.
\par
\par basma (Russian)
\par Christian (Eastern Orthodox): An ornamented and often bejeweled metal cover for the frame of an icon (see also oklad)
\par
\par bay window
\par An angular or curved projection of a building front filled by fenestration. If curved, also called a bow window; if on an upper floor only, called an oriel or oriel window.
\par
\par belfry
\par The upper room or story in a tower in which bells are hung, and thus often the bell-tower itself, whether it is attached to or stands separate from the main building. Also, the timber frame inside a church steeple to which bells are fastened. Derived from the Old French berfrei (= tower), the word has no connection with "bell".
\par
\par bellcote (or, bell gable)
\par A framework on a roof to hang bells from.
\par
\par bema (or, bimah; Greek)
\par
    \par
  1. A (generic term for) speaker's platform: usually wooden and somewhat rectangular, sometimes with a curved front and back, often with open sides approached by steps.
    2. \par
  2. Christian (Western): Raised stage for the clergy in the apse of Early Christian Churches.
    3. \par
  3. Christian (Eastern): A space raised above the nave level of a church, which is shut off by the iconostasis and contains the altar.
    4. \par
  4. Jewish: A platform in the synagogue on which stands the desk from which the Pentateuch and Torah is read.
    5. \par
\par \pard Bhagavad-gita
\par Hindu (3rd Century BCE): Scripture that stresses theism and devotion to a supreme deity by personifying the abstract Brahman, and noting that the self is immortal.
\par
\f0\fs20\par \pard\nowidctlpar
\par Bible (or Holy Bible, or Scripture)
\par
    \par
  1. Jewish: refers to Hebrew Bible.
    2. \par
  2. Christian: usually refers to Old Testament plus New Testament.
    3. \par
  3. Popular usage: Refers to any honored set of writings.
    4. \par
\par Bible, Books of the
\par (see also scripture)
\par
    \par
  1. Christian (Roman Catholic): The Old Testament consists of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Josue, Judges, Ruth, 1-4 Kings, 1-2 Paralipompenon, 1-2 Esdras, Tobias, Judith, Esthe, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Canticle of Canticles, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Isaias, Jeremias, Lamentations, Baruch, Ezechiel, Daniel, Osee, Joel, Amos, Abdias, jonas, Micheas, Nahum, Habacuc, Sophonias, Aggeus, Zacharias, Malachias, 1-2 Machabees. The New Testament consists of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts of the Apostles, Romans, 1-2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1-2 Thessalonians, 1-2 Timothy, Titus, Phlemon, Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, 1-3 John, Jude, Apocalypse.
    2. \par
  2. Christian (Protestant): The Old Testament consists of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1-2 Samuel, 1-2 Kings, 1-2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. The New Testament consists of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts of the Apostles, Romans, 1-2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1-2 Thessalonians, 1-2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, 1-3 John, Jude, Revelation.
    3. \par
  3. Christian (Protestant): The apocrypha consists of: 1-2 Esdras, Tobit, Judith, additions of Esther, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiasticus (or the Wisom of Jesus Son of Sirach), Baruch, Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Holy Children, Susanna, Bel and the Dragon, the Prayer of Manasses, 1-2 Maccabees.
    4. \par
  4. Jewish: Torah (or Pentateuch, Law) consists of: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy. Prophets consists of: Joshua, Judges, 1-2 Samuel, 1-2 Kings, Isaiah, Jeemiah, Ezekiel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi. Hagiographa consists of Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, 1-2 Chronicles.
    5. \par
\par
\par bimah
\par See bema
\par
\par bird of blessing
\par Christian: A dove, or other bird, suspended above the altar symbolizing the Holy Spirit.
\par
\par Book of Law
\par New Age: Written by Aleister Crowley, a key text in Ordo Templi Orientis.
\par
\par boss
\par An ornamental knob or projection covering the intersectionof ribs in a vault or ceiling; often carved with foliage.
\par
\par bot
\par Buddhist (Theravada): A hall found in buildings dedicated to the purpose of teaching, preaching and meditation.
\par
\par boumfort\par Voodoo. Temple or place of worship.
\par
\par bow-string truss
\par A composite structural device whereby the load-bearing capacity of the main beam is improved by a lower-tension chord and intermediate vertical or diagonal compression struts in the form of a horizontal bow.
\par
\par bracket
\par A small supporting piece of stone or other material, often formed of scrolls or volutes, to carry a projecting weight.
\par
\par building
\par A building is any enclosure of sufficient space for a person to move about it.
\par
\par butsu-dan (Japanese)
\par Buddhist: A household altar.
\par
\par buttress
\par A mass of masonry or brickwork projecting from or built against a wall to give additional strength, often helping to support a vault or roof; a characteristic of the Gothic architectural style.
\par
\par
\par

C

\par camar\'edn
\par In Christian architecture: A small chapel behind and above the high altar in Spanish-style churches.
\par
\par came
\par A metal strip used for leaded lights.
\par
\par campanile (Italian)
\par
    \par
  1. A bell-tower, usually freestanding.
    2. \par
  2. Christian: A common feature of religious compounds.
    3. \par
\par
\par cancello
\par Christian: A latticed screen or grille separating the choir from the main body of a church.
\par
\par canon
\par A standard or generally accepted or authorized collection of scripture.
\par
\par canopy
\par A projection or hood over a door, window, tomb, altar, pulpit, niche, etc.
\par
\par capital
\par The head or crowning feature of a column; the decorative top portion of a column. The form, usually of stone, that supplies the visual transition between the top of a column and whatever the column supports.\par decorated section of an Order on top of the shaft and directly below and supporting the architrave.
\par
\par carrel
\par Christian: A niche in a cloister where a monk might sit and work or read.
\par
\par cartouche
\par An ornamental panel in the form of a scroll or sheet of paper with curling edges, usually bearing an inscription and sometimes ornately framed.
\par
\par casement
\par The hinged part of a window, attached to the upright side of the window frame; also, the wide concave molding in door and window jambs and between compound columns or piers in Late Gothic-style architecture.
\par
\par casement window
\par A metal or timber window with the sash hung vertically and opening outwards or inwards.
\par
\par catenary roof cable
\par Hangs freely between two points of support.
\par
\par cathedra
\par Christian: The bishop's chair or throne in his cathedral church, originally placed behind the high altar in the center of the curved wall of the apse.
\par
\par cathedral
\par
    \par
  1. Christian: The bishop's church; a church of any size that contains the cathedra.
    2. \par
  2. Popular usage: Any large, ornate "church-like" structure, such as the Scottish Rite Cathedral in Indianapolis (which is used by a Masonic order rather than a bishop).
    3. \par
\par
\par cella (= naos)
\par Principal room of a temple.
\par
\par cenotaph
\par A funerary monument to a person or persons buried elsewhere.
\par
\par censer
\par Christian: An elaborately decorated hand-held container for burning incense which priests swing from golden chains in sanctuaries to purify or sanctify the air.
\par
\par centering
\par Temporary framework, usually made of timber, used for support during the construction of arches, vaults and domes.
\par
\par chair-rail (or, dado-rail)
\par A molding around a room to prevent chairs, when pushed back against the walls, from damaging its surface.
\par
\par chalice
\par
    \par
  1. Christian: A sacramental vessel.
    2. \par
  2. Christian: A goblet used for the wine in the liturgy of communion.
    3. \par <
\par chamaras
\par Hindu: Fans often used in temples.
\par
\par chancel
\par Christian: That part of the east end of a church in which the main altar is placed; reserved for clergy and choir. From the Latin cancellus, which strictly means the screen that often separated it from the main body of the church. The term more usually describes the space enclosed and is applied to the whole continuation of the nave east of the crossing.
\par
\par chancel arch
\par Christian: The arch at the west end of a chancel.
\par
\par chantry chapel
\par Christian (especially Roman Catholic): A chapel attached to, or inside, a church, established and reserved by endowment for the celebration of Masses for the soul of the benefactor or of such others as he/she may order.
\par
\par chapel
\par Christian: A place set aside for prayer; a building used for worship.
\par
\par chapterhouse
\par
    \par
  1. Christian: Main secular meeting hall of a monastic community, often adjoining a cloister.
    2. \par
  2. Christian: The building in a cathedral complex set aside for meetings of the chapter, i.e. the administrative assembly responsible for cathedral affairs.
    3. \par
\par chaitya
\par Buddhist: A small stupa, sometimes containing a relic, but usually holding mantras or holy scriptures.
\par
\par chakra
\par Hindu: A round weapon, one of the four (sacred) objects held by Vishnu.
\par
\par chapa (Nepalese)
\par Hindu: A small house annexed to a temple, in which feasts are held and rituals performed.
\par
\par chevet
\par Christian: The French term for the east end of a church, consisting of apse and ambulatory with or without radiating chapels.
\par
\par chigi (Japanese)
\par Forked finials on the roof ridge of a building frame; used primarily on buildings of cultural significance or noble patronage.
\par
\par choir
\par
    \par
  1. Singing group, often used to designate singing groups attached to religious organizations.
    2. \par
  2. Christian: The part of a church where divine service is sung; in cathedrals: the section of the church east of the transept that is sometimes raised above the level of the nave is called the choir because traditionally this is where the choir stands to sing during the service. In other churches, it is the area of a church reserved for the singers. Also, the eastern area of a church or cathedral, normally occupied by the choir and the clergy; sometimes called the chancel.
    3. \par
\par
\par choir screen
\par Christian: Screen separating the choir area from the congregational area of a church, usually decoratively carved or ornamented.
\par
\par Chong Kui
\par Taoist : A deity often found on Taoist altars, whose sword and fierce expression protect the altar and scare away demons. (See also Chong Kui in second section of glossary.)
\par
\par chorten
\par Buddhist: A small shrine in high mountain regions (esp. Himalayas).
\par
\par chowk (Nepalese)
\par Hindu: A palace or public courtyard (usually including one or more temples).
\par
\par chrism
\par Christian: Consecrated oil made of a mixture of olive and balsam, used in the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches as an accessory in various rites of a consecratory character, notably baptism, confirmation and ordination.
\par
\par Ch'un Ch'iu (or, Spring and Autumn Annals)
\par Confucian: One of the Five Elements which are part of the Confucian Canon, it includes extracts from the history of the Chinese state of Lu from 722 to 484 BCE, said to have been compiled by Confucius.
\par
\par Chung Yung (or, Doctrine of the Mean)
\par Confucian: One of the Four Books which are part of the Confucian Canon.
\par
\par church
\par
    \par
  1. Christian: A building used for worship.
    2. \par
  2. Popular usage: Any structure used for any religious or spiritual purpose.
    3. \par
\par
\par ciborium
\par A canopy raised over a high altar. It is normally a dome supported on columns.
\par
\par cladding
\par An external covering or skin applied to a structure for aesthetic or protective purposes.
\par
\par Classical
\par Style of architecture used in ancient Greece and Rome, and imitated in later periods.
\par
\par clearstory
\par See clerestory
\par
\par clerestory (or, clearstory)
\par
    \par
  1. Christian: The topmost part of the church building, the upper story of a church wall, pierced by windows illuminating the central portion of the interior space.
    2. \par
  2. Popular usage: A row of windows above the ceiling level of the first floor in any building. A clerestory is below the main eaves, but above any projecting secondary roofs.
    3. \par
\par
\par cloister
\par Christian: Roofed or vaulted passage way surrounding an open quadrangle which connects domestic areas within a monastic building.
\par
\par coffering
\par Decoration of a ceiling, a vault or an arch soffit, consisting of sunken square or polygonal ornamental panels.
\par
\par colonnade
\par A row or range of columns carrying an entablature or arches; a long row of columns in a line.
\par
\par columbarium
\par Interment place for cremated remains either within a church building or on its grounds.
\par
\par column
\par A vertical post-like support. Usually consists of three parts: a base, a shaft (usually circular or polygonal), and a capital at the top. A column in Classical style usually is described using the Greek order to which it conforms. They are (in ascending complexity) Doric (fluted column with no separate base, plain capital), Ionic (fluted column, separate base, twin-scrolled capital) and Corinthian (fluted column, separate base, capital with carved acanthus leaves). Other common styles are Tuscan (plain column, separate base, plain capital) and Composite (resemble Corinthian, but with spiral motifs at each of the corners of the capital).
\par
\par communion rail
\par Christian: The low fence or railing in a church before which congregants kneel to receive communion from clergy or assistants.
\par
\par compound column
\par Supporting column comprising multiple attached or detailed shafts. Reduces the visual mass of the support and maintains a large load-bearing cross-sectional area.
\par
\par conch
\par A semicircular niche surmounted by a half-dome.
\par
\par confessional
\par Christian (Roman Catholic): A separate place in a church, often in the form of a wooden cubicle, where the faithful enter individually to meet the priest seated behind a partition. To him they confess their sins and from him they receive remission and forgiveness in the name of God.
\par
\par Confucian Canon
\par Confucian: The Confucian scriptures, which include the Four Books and Five Classics.
\par
\par coping
\par A capping or covering to a wall, either flat or sloping, to throw off water.
\par
\par corbel
\par Stone blocks, projecting from a wall, used to support a horizontal part of a building, such as a roof or floor beams. Often elaborately carved or molded.
\par
\par Corinthian
\par One of the Classical Orders of architecture, typified by the acanthus-leaf decoration on the capital and fluted columns.
\par
\par cornice
\par
    \par
  1. Uppermost projecting part of an entablature surmounting the frieze and often decorated with moldings and dentils on its lower face.
    2. \par
  2. Any continuous projecting decorative molding surmounting an architectural feature.
    3. \par
\par
\par cowl
\par
    \par
  1. Christian: A monk's hood.
    2. \par
  2. A metal covering, shaped somewhat like a monk's hood, fixed over a chimney or other vent and revolving with the wind to improve ventilation.
    3. \par
\par
\par credence
\par Christian: A small table or shelf near the altar, on which the sacraments are placed.
\par
\par crepis
\par Jewish: The stepped outer edges of a temple platform.
\par
\par crocket
\par Motif or leaf design carved into the projecting ribs that decorate parapets and towers of Gothic buildings and their derivatives.
\par
\par crosier
\par Christian: A staff resembling a shepherd's crook carried by bishops and abbots as a symbol of office.
\par
\par cross
\par
    \par
  1. A structure consisting of an upright with a transverse beam used esp. by the ancient Romans for execution.
    2. \par
  2. (often capitalized) The Cross on which Jesus was crucified.
    3. \par
  3. A Christian symbol consisting of an upright bar traversed by a horizontal one.
    4. \par
  4. There are many standard forms: Greek, Latin, Calvary, patriarchial, Lorraine, papal, Celtic, Maltese, Saint Andrew's, tau, pomm\'e9e, boton\'e9e, fleury, avelian, moline, form\'e9e, fourch\'e9e, crosslet, quadrate and potent.
    5. \par

\par crossing
\par Christian: The area of intersection between the nave, transepts and chancel, usually topped by a dome or tower; symbolically, the point of decision on the journey to Christ.
\par
\par crown
\par The highest part of an arch, where the keystone is located.
\par
\par Crown of St. Stephen I
\par Crown of St. Stephen I\par
\par Christian (Hungarian): The importance of this symbol of royal power in Hungary derives from the belief that it was worn by St. Stephen, the founder of the Hungarian State. It remains the most important symbol of royal power in Hungary and has been for centuries the object of religious veneration.
\par
\par crozier
\par Christian: The staff of a bishop or abbot carried as a symbol of pastoral authority. It is shaped like a shepherd's crook in reference to Christ as the Good Shepherd.
'\par
\par crucifix
\par Christian: A cross in wood, metal, or other substance bearing a representation of the crucified Christ.
\par
\par crypt
\par
    \par
  1. Christian: A chamber or vault beneath the main floor of a church, not necessarily underground, and usually containing chapel, graves and/or relics.
    2. \par
  2. The basement area in a building, especially of a church or cathedral.
    3. \par
\par
\par cupola
\par A small dome, usually springing from a circular or octagonal base, crowning a roof or turret.
\par
\par curtain wall
\par A lightweight outside wall held off the main structural frame and serving no load-bearing purpose.
\par
\par
\par

D

\par dado
\par
    \par
  1. Decorative band.
    2. \par
  2. The finishing of the lower part of an interior wall from the floor to waist height.
    3. \par
\par
\par dakhma
\par Zoroastrian: A round structure, open to the sky, in which the dead are placed for disposal by birds.
\par
\par defenestration
\par See fenestration
\par
\par dentil
\par A small, square block projecting from a cornice of a Classical entablature, providing a rythmical fa\'e7ade.
\par
\par diaconikon (or, diaconicon) (Greek) (=sacristy)
\par Christian (Eastern): That part of a Greek Orthodox Church which lies to the right of the sanctuary, but behind the iconostatis, and in which the deacons are responsible for the sacramental vessels and liturgical books required for services.
\par
\par diptych
\par Two panels joined together by hinges.
\par
\par discharging arch (or, relieving arch)
\par An arch of rough construction placed in a wall, above an arch or any opening, to relieve it of much of the superincumbent weight.
\par
\par Doctrine of the Mean (or, Chung Yung)
\par Confucian: One of the Four Books which are part of the Confucian Canon.
\par
\par dome
\par
    \par
  1. A vault of even curvature erected on a circular base.
    2. \par
  2. A convex solid roof, usually circular or polygon in its plan, with a base that may be circular, square or polygonal.
    3. \par
  3. Common types (categorized by the shapes of both the base and the section through the center of the dome) are: saucer, polyhedral and onion. Many domes are topped with a lantern to provide light inside.
    4. \par
\par .
\par Doric
\par One of the Classical Orders of architecture, typified by plain capitals and fluted columns without bases.
\par
\par drop arch
\par An arch that is pointed with a span greater than its radii.
\par
\par drum\par
    \par
  1. Vertical wall supporting a dome or cupola; it may be circular, square or polygonal in plan. The drum gives the dome extra height and allows space for the inclusion of windows to light the interior.
    2. \par
  2. The cylindrival blocks of stone that make up a column.
    3. \par
\par
\par dwarmul (Nepalese)
\par Hindu: The main gate of a building, esp. a temple.
\par
\par dyochhen
\par Buddhist: a house enshrining protective Tantric deities used for common worship.
\par
\par
\par

E

\par eaves
\par Lower edge or underpart of a sloping roof, projecting over and beyond face of the supporting walls.
\par
\par Eight Immortals
\par Taoist: Figures often found on Taoist altars symbolizing that men and women, young and old, rich and poor, healthy and disabled, can all achieve the Tao.
\par
\par eleke
\par Santeria: sacred necklace worn by a god.
\par
\par elements\par
    \par
  1. The components of a building, such as windows, walls, doors, corridors, stairs and chimneys.
    2. \par
  2. Christian: the components of communion (bread and wine).
    3. \par
\par elevation
\par The external faces of a building; also a drawing made in projection on a vertical plane to show any one face of a building.
\par
\par elliptical arch
\par An arch that is a half ellipse from a center on the springing line.
\par
\par enclosure
\par A space surrounded by something else, such as a fence or a wall.
\par
\par enfilade
\par The arrangement of rooms leading from one to another.
\par
\par engaged column
\par Column with a shaft attached to or incorporated into the thickness of a wall or pier.
\par
\par Enochian manuscripts
\par New Age: Written by John Dee, key texts in Ordo Templi Orientis.
\par
\par entablature
\par Used in Greek architectural styles, it comprises the architrave, frieze and cornice (from lowest to highest, one above the other), supported by a colonnade. More specifically, the entablature is a horizontal lintel above columns and below the roof, the gable of which might be closed by a triangular pediment.
\par
\par equilateral arch (or, pointed arch)
\par An arch produced by two curves, each with a radius equal to the span and meeting in a point at the top.
\par
\par entrance (as architectural concept)
\par Entrances are not just gates or doors, but can also include the passage by which a place may be entered as well as the area beyond the threshold. Entrances link together different spaces.

\par exedra
\par
    \par
  1. A semicircular or rectangular recess with raised seats.
    2. \par
  2. More loosely, any apse or niche or the apsidal end of a room or a room opening full width into a larger, covered or uncovered space.
    3. \par
\par etrog
\par Jewish: A small, round, yellow fruit that looks like a lemon that\rquote s used in the celebration of Sukkot.
\par
\par exoskeletal frame
\par A frame positioned outside the building envelope.
\par
\par
\par

F

\par fa\'e7ade
\par The public, exterior, front or front elevation of a building. Derived from the same root as "face": the doors and windows of many buildings are arranged in patterns that recall the eyes, nose, and mouth of the human face.
\par
\par facing
\par The finishing applied to the outer surface of a building.
\par
\par fan vault
\par
    \par
  1. A rib vault in which the ribs radiate from the springing point (where the arch begins) like a fan.
    2. \par
  2. Style of vaulting typical of England in the 16th century, in which the ribs are of equal length and form a fan shape.
    3. \par
\par
\par fascia (plural: fasciae)
\par A plain horizontal band, usually in the architrave, which may consist of two or three fasciae oversailing each other and sometimes separated by narrow moldings.
\par
\par fenestration
\par The style or manner in which windows are distributed on a building. [defenestration, a euphemism for throwing someone out a window with intent to humiliate while causing grievous bodily harm, often has religious motivation in historical narrative or fiction]
\par
\par feretory
\par Christian: A shrine for relics designed to be carried in processions; kept behind the high altar.
\par
\par festoon (or, swag)
\par A carved ornament in the form of a garland of fruits and flowers, tied with ribbons and suspended at both ends in a loop; commonly used on a frieze or panel.
\par
\par fetish
\par Any object used to control nature (or the spirit world or an aspect of the divine) in a magical fashion, or an object venerated as the dwelling place of a spirit (or an aspect of the divine); examples include charms, talismans or amulets. Fetishes are common in sanctuaries.
\par
\par finial
\par A formal ornament at the top of a canopy, gable, pinnacle, etc.; often a detached foliated fleur-de-lis form.
\par
\par First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women
\par Written by John Knox, Scots Calvinist. 1558. Directed against the two Marys but also offended Elizabeth.
\par
\par First Book of Discipline
\par Church of Scotland. Drafted by John Knox in 1560.
\par
\par Five "K's"
\par Sikh: The five objects carried by members of the Khalsa: kaccha, kanga, kara, kesh and kirpan.
\par
\par fl\'e8che (or, spirelet)
\par A slender spire, usually of wood, rising from the ridge of a roof.
\par
\par fleur-de-lis (French: "lily-flower")
\par Christian: Common decorative theme in churches; originally the royal arms of France.
\par
\par flight
\par A series of stairs unbroken by a landing.
\par
\par fluting
\par Concave grooves carved into the shaft of a column, characteristic of Classical Orders. Produces an emphasis on vertical form and volume by creating distinctive shadow lines.
\par
\par flying buttress
\par An arch or half-arch transmitting the thrust of a vault or roof from the upper part of a wall to an outer support or buttress; characteristic of Gothic style churches and cathedrals.
\par
\par font
\par Christian: An open-topped stone receptacle for holy water, used in baptismal rites.
\par
\par foundation (or, foundations)
\par The underground section of a building, which supports the weight above ground.
\par
\par four-centered arch
\par A late medieval-style arch composed of a pointed arch of four arcs, the two outer and lower ones springing from centers on the springing line, the two inner and upper arcs from centers below the springing line.
\par
\par fret
\par A geometric ornament of horizontal and vertical straight lines repeated to form a band; often used as a decorative band of surface ornamentation or molding.
\par
\par frieze
\par
    \par
  1. Middle section of the entablature of a Classical Order, above the architrave and below the cornice.
    2. \par
  2. Band of relief, molded or painted decoration, usually high on a wall.
    3. \par
  3. The decoration of the middle division of the entablature.
    4. \par
\par
\par
\par

G

\par gable
\par The triangular upper part of a wall between the sides of a pitched roof.
\par
\par gajur
\par Buddhist: An often-ornate, bell-shaped finial crowning a bahal.
\par
\par gallery
\par Christian: An upper story over an aisle, opening onto the nave.
\par
\par gallery arcade
\par The range of columns along the open side of a gallery.
\par
\par Gan Ying Pian (Chinese)
\par Taoist: One of the Taoist scriptures.
\par
\par gargoyle
\par A grotesque or humorous carving of a figure, human or animal; sticking out from a building, it often disguises a waterspout, especially on a Gothic-style Christian church.
\par
\par gate (as architectural concept)
\par A gate frames its invitation by using precise components: an approach, twin pillars, crossbeam, door, latch, key, king and threshold. The twin pillars guard the opening to new awareness. The crossbeam spans the gulf between the pillars, uniting the space between them. The cross created by the meeting of beam and pillar is said to symbolize the passage into the transcendent, the mysterious boundary between inner and outer worlds. Hindering the passage through the gate are the door and latch, representing the veil and challenge posed by rigid patterns of thinking. The door blocks and opens, intimidates and welcomes. Its lock is the first barrier to overcome. The key symbolizes new insights and techniques for unlocking the mind's abilities. When the catalyst for transformation has done its work, the threshold of the gate is crossed, marking the transfer of a spiritual center of gravity from the known to the unknown. The threshold is perpendicular to the path that crosses it, creating a sort of compass that points to the four corners of the world. (adapted from The Temple in the House)
\par
\par garth
\par Christian: A grassy quadrangle surrounded by the cloisters of a monastery or convent.
\par
\par Gemara (Aramaic)
\par Jewish: A commentary on the Mishnah forming the second half of the Talmud.
\par
\par gemellion
\par Christian (Roman Catholic): One of a pair of basins used for the ritual washing of the priest's hands before the Mass.
\par
\par genizah (Hebrew: "storing")
\par Jewish: A place, often beneath the bema of a synagogue, for storing books or ritual objects that have become unusable; often used as the synagogue's treasury.
\par
\par gerberette
\par Rocker beam, cast by spinning molten stainless steel into mechanical joints for steel-frame buildings.
\par
\par ghada
\par Hindu/Buddhist: A type of club, one of the weapons of Vishnu and a Tantric symbol.
\par
\par ghanta
\par Hindu/Buddhist: A symbolic Tantric bell, the female counterpart of the dorje or vajra (ritual scepter or thunderbolt that is symbol of the Absolute).
\par
\par ghat
\par Hindu: A riverside platform or set of stairs for ritual bathing and cremation.
\par
\par gingan-ji
\par See jingu-ji.
\par
\par gompa
\par Buddhist: Tibetan Buddhist monastery.
\par
\par gong
\par Buddhist: Gongs are used in temples and homes to announce the time of a meeting, to mark different phases of a service, and as a symbol aiding in meditation.
\par
\par gopura
\par Hindu: An elaborate high gateway of a temple that is typical of South Indian architectural style.
\par
\par Gothic architecture
\par
    \par
  1. The architectural style that developed in northern France and spread throughout Europe between about 1150 and 1400 CE includes pointed arches, large windows, stone tracery, stone vaulted ceilings and flying buttresses. Often used for churches, cathedrals and other public buildings. Succeeded Romanesque style.
    2. \par
  2. In Midwestern vernacular use, Gothic applies to buildings with pointed arches and vaults, windows with pointed arch tops, large amounts of glass in the walls and an overall feeling of great height.
    3. \par
\par granthakut
\par Hindu/Buddhist: A tall, pointed brick and plaster shrine supported by a one-story stone base.
\par
\par Greek cross
\par Christian: A cross with four equal arms.
\par
\par groin
\par The sharp edge formed by the intersection of vaulting surfaces.
\par
\par groin vault
\par Two barrel vaults intersecting at right angles.
\par
\par Guan Yin
\par Taoist: One of the statues found on Taoist altars representing Guan Yin, the mother goddess of China, symbolizing the healing power of love and compassion. (See also Guan Yin in second section of glossary).
\par
\par gurdwara (or, gurudwara) (Punjabi: "door of the guru")
\par Sikh: A place of worship where the Guru Granth Sahib scripture is installed. In addition to the area for worship in which regular rituals, festivals and life cycle rites are performed, there is a langar ( a communal kitchen in which food is prepared and shared).
\par
\par Guru Granth Sahib (or, Adi Granth) (Punjabi)
\par Sikh: The principal scripture; contains devotional compositions written by the Sikh gurus and recorded during their lifetimes. It also contains hymns by Hindu and Muslims. Written in Sanskrit, Persian, Hindi and Punjabi, the compositions are set in rhymed couplets. It is printed in Gurmukhi script, an alphabet adapted by the second guru, Guru Angad, for the Punjabi language. It has standardized pagination, all copies having 1,430 pages. When closed it is wrapped in an elegant cloth (rumal). It is opened only under a canopy and is then protected with a flywhisk.
\par
\par
\par

H

\par
\par hagioscope (= squint)
\par Christian: An obliquely cut opening in a wall or through a pier to allow a view of the main altar of a church from places whence it could not otherwise be seen.
\par
\par haiden (Japanese)
\par Shinto: Hall of worship standing in front of a shrine. Usually the largest building at a Shinto shrine, before which or in which prayers and ceremonies are held.
\par
\par hall church
\par Christian: A longitudinal plan for a church, in which the nave and aisles are of approximately equal height.
\par
\par hametz (Hebrew: \ldblquote leavened food\rdblquote )
\par Jewish: Breads made with yeast (leavening). During Passover, consuming leavened food is forbidden. Hametz applies to more foods than just bread that rises because of yeast. It also applies to various kinds of grain that expand when they are in contact with water, creating a kind of process of rising: oats, barley, wheat, spelt and rye. There is disagreement between the Ashkenazi and Sephardi traditions in regard to legumes and rice. Sephardim permit them on Passover while Ashkenazim forbid them.
\par
\par hanukkiyyah (Hebrew)
\par Jewish: Name for the candelabra or menorah used to celebrate \par Hanukkah.
\par
\par harmika
\par Buddhist: The eyes on a stupa, placed to face the four cardinal directions.
\par
\par Hebrew Bible
\par
    \par
  1. Jewish: The Torah or Pentateuch and sections generally grouped as Prophets and Hagiographa. (see also Septuagint)
    2. \par
  2. Christian: The Old Testament.
    3. \par
\par hei tiki
\par Sacred stone statue or amulet.
\par
\par helix
\par A spiral design motif.
\par
\par hexastyle
\par Classical portico with six supporting columns.
\par
\par hip
\par The external angle formed by the meeting of two sloping roof surfaces.
\par
\par History of the Reformation
\par Three-volume work (1679, 1681, 1714) by Gilbert Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, England.
\par
\par Holy Bible
\par (see Bible)
\par
\par Holy Lance
\par Christian (Roman Catholic): The spear said to have pierced Jesus' side while he was on the cross (see also relic).
\par
\par Holy Water
\par Christian (especially Roman Catholic): Water that has been blessed, placed in a small basin (or stoup) near a church entrance so that worshipers may dip their fingers into this water as they enter the sanctuary, often marking themselves with the sign of the cross in remembrance of their baptism.
\par
\par honden (Japanese)
\par Shinto: Inner sanctuary of a shrine, standing behind the haiden. Behind the haiden and not entered by the public is the smaller and higher honden, in which the deity (= kami) is presumed to reside.
\par
\par honsha (Japanese)
\par Shinto: A shrine building dedicated to the principal kami of the shrine.
\par
\par horseshoe arch (or, Moorish arch)
\par In Islamic architecture: An arch that can be either a pointed or a round horseshoe.
\par
\par hossu (Japanese)
\par Buddhist: A whisk used to flick mosquitoes away, carried ceremonially by Zen masters.
\par
\par Host
\par Christian: The bread (or wafers) consecrated as the body of Christ during Eucharist. As such, whether it is consumed by those present or kept as a "reserved sacrament," it is regarded in Roman Catholic and some other churches as an object of veneration.
\par
\par Hua To
\par Taoist: One of the statues found on Taoist altars representing Hua To, the patron of healing and Chinese medicine.
\par
\par huppah (Hebrew)
\par Jewish: A wedding canopy, traditionally suspended from four poles, each of which is held by someone supporting it. It is also a symbolic term for marriage itself.
\par
\par hypostyle
\par A hall in which the roof is supported by a multitude of columns spaced at regular, close intervals.
\par
\par
\par

I

\par I Ching (or, Yi Jing) (Chinese: "book of changes")
\par Confucian: One of the Five Classics in the Confucian Canon, it is a collection of texts on diviniation based on a set of 64 hexagrams made by various combinations of broken and unbroken lines reflecting the relationship between the two basic forces in nature and human society (yin, yang). Each hexagram is determined by casting 49 yarrow stalks, and each has a short, cryptic interpretation. These have subsequently been expanded in the appendices, which are attributed to Confucius, but which date from the Former Han dynasty.
\par
\par icon
\par Christian (Eastern): A sacred image (usually of Jesus, Mary or one of the Saints) painted on wood, which, because it is regarded as partaking of the reality which it represents, is considered worthy of veneration in itself. Icons are mounted on the iconostasis of an Orthodox church, on a separate stand in the nave of the church where believers on entry can kiss it in veneration, or in the icon corner of an Orthodox home.
\par
\par iconostasis (Greek)
\par Christian (Eastern): The dividing wall between nave and sanctuary in Orthodox churches, usually with a central and two side entrances and panels for icons. The main icons depict Christ as Savior, Mary as Mother of God, the Last Supper, the four Evangelists, archangels and saints.
\par
\par impost
\par A member in the wall, usually formed of a projecting bracket-like molding, on which the end of an arch rests.
\par
\par indent
\par A shape chiselled out in a stone slab (usually) to receive a brass effigy.
\par
\par intrados (or, soffit)
\par The inner curve or underside of an arch.
\par
\par Ionic
\par One of the Classical Orders of architecture, typified by capitals decorated with a spiral motif.
\par
\par
\par

J

\par jadun
\par A large vessel holding drinking water at public places, including sanctuary complexes, in India.
\par
\par jamb
\par The straight sides of a doorway, archway or window; the sides of an opening upon which the lintel rests.
\par
\par jerkinhead
\par Jerkinhead\par A type of roofline popular in medieval architecture where the end of a roof is formed into a shape intermediate between a gable and a hip. The gable rises about halfway to the ridge, resulting in a truncated shape, the roof being inclined backward from this level. (for more, click here)
\par
\par jhya
\par In Indian subcontinent architecture: carved window.
\par
\par jinja (Japanese)
\par Shinto: A shrine. Taisha (grand shrine) and jingu-ji (divine palace) are used to describe especially important shrines. The typical shrine consists of several buildings. The largest is usually the haiden, before which or in which prayers are held. Behind the haiden and not entered by the public is the smaller and higher honden, in which the kami is presumed to reside.
\par
\par joist
\par The beam supporting a floor; horizontal timbers in a building, laid parallel to each other with their upper edges rebated to receive the boards of a floor. The underside either forms the ceiling of the room below or has ceiling lathe nailed to it.
\par \par
\par jingu-ji (or, jungu, or gingan-ji, jingo-ji, jinko-ji, jingu-in) (Japanese)
\par Shinto/Buddhist: A shrine, temple, divine palace, or an especially important Buddhist or Shinto shrine.
\par
\par jingu-in
\par See jingu-ji.
\par
\par jinko-ji
\par See jingu-ji
\par
\par \par jub\'e9 (French)
\par Christian: The French name for rood screen.
\par
\par juggernaut
\par Hindu: the idol of Krishna carried on a monstrous carriage, under the wheels of whose passage the overly pious would hurl thmselves and the careless often be crushed.
\par
\par jungu
\par See jingu-ji
\par
\par
\par

K

\par kaccha (Punjabi)
\par Sikh: Short pants, one of the five "k's" which are required of the Khalsa.
\par
\par kagura-den (Japanese)
\par Shinto: A building for the performance of kagura (a Shinto ritual).
\par
\par kami (Japanese)
\par Shinto: Deity, spirit of nature.
\par
\par kamidana (or, kami-dana) (Japanese: "god-shelf")
\par Shinto: Household altar in the home of a believer. The kamidana usually houses a rectangular paper or wooden amulet known as o-fuda, brought from a major shrine in the region, and prayers and food are offered each morning and evening.
\par
\par kanga (Punjabi)
\par Sikh: A comb; one of the five "k's" which are required of the Khalsa.
\par
\par kanjur
\par Buddhist: The Tibetan canonical collection of the teachings of Buddha, numbering 108 volumes and arranged and edited by the historian Buton (1290-1364).
\par
\par kara (Punjabi)
\par Sikh: A steel bracelet; one of the five "k's" which are required of the Khalsa.
\par
\par karah prasad (Punjabi)
\par Sikh: The sacramental food distributed in gurdwaras and at the conclusion of important rituals. The food (prasad) which should be prepared in a large iron pan (karah), comprises equal parts of coarsely refined wheat flour (semolina), sugar and ghee. When distributed, it must be offered to all, regardless of caste, creed or status.
\par
\par kata
\par Buddhist: A ceremonial scarf presented to high Tibetan Buddhist figures.
\par
\par katsuogi (Japanese)
\par Ridge billets which restrain the ridge boards of a roof and help anchor the traditional roof thatch of miscanthus grass.
\par
\par kesh (Punjabi)
\par Sikh: Uncut hair, including body hair; one of the five "k's" which are required of the Khalsa.
\par
\par Kethuvim
\par Jewish: the literary books of the Tanakh, including Psalms.
\par
\par keystone
\par The central locking stone at the apex (top) of an arch or rib; sometimes carved.
\par
\par khat (Nepalese)
\par Hindu: An enclosed wooden shrine, similar in appearance to the portable shrines carried during processions.
\par
\par king post
\par Vertical roof beam joining the tie beam to the ridge above.
\par
\par kiosk
\par A light, open pavilion usually supported by pillars.
\par
\par kirpan (Punjabi)
\par Sikh: A dagger, one of the five "k's" which are required of the Khalsa.
\par
\par kittel (Hebrew)
\par Jewish: A white gown worn by the rabbi, cantor, and other people who help conduct the service in the synagogue for Yom Kippur.
\par
\par Kojiki (Japanese: "Chronicles of Ancient Events")
\par Shinto: The first of the two major scriptures (the second is the Nihonskoki).
\par
\par Koran (= Qur'an) (Arabic)
\par Muslim: Old-style English transliteration of the Arabic word denoting the book of Muslim holy scriptures; see Qur'an.
\par
\par kusti
\par Zorastrian: The sacred belt worn by male Zoroastrians.
\par
\par
\par

L

\par lancet
\par Narrow, sharp-pointed arch or window common in early Gothic style buildings with radii much larger than the span.
\par
\par langar (Punjabi)
\par Sikh: A communal kitchen in or adjacent to a gurdwara.
\par
\par lantern
\par
    \par
  1. Architectural element atop a cupola, usually with a light inside.
    2. \par
  2. Turret with windows, often topping a dome.
    3. \par
  3. A small circular or polygonal turret with windows all around, crowning a roof or dome.
    4. \par
  4. A lamp suspended from a ceiling or other high place.
    5. \par
  5. A portable lamp.
    6. \par
\par lantern cross
\par Christian: A churchyard cross with lantern-shaped top; usually with sculptured representations on the sides of the top.
\par
\par Lao Tzu
\par Taoist: One of the statues found on Taoist altars representing Lao Tzu, the founder of philosophical Taoism (see also Lao Tzu in section two of glossary).
\par
\par Latin cross
\par Christian: A cross with three short arms and one long arm. As a church design, it developed from the plan of the Roman basilican church; accommodates lateral transepts and became the characteristic plan of the Christian church.
\par
\par lattice window
\par
    \par
  1. A window with diamond-shaped leaded lights or with glazing bars arranged like an open-work screen.
    2. \par
  2. Any hinged window.
    3. \par
\par leaded lights
\par Rectangular or diamond-shaped panes of glass set in lead cames to form a window.
\par
\par lectern
\par
    \par
  1. Popular usage: A holder for written material used by a standing speaker.
    2. \par
  2. Christian: The Bible is read from a stand called a lectern, which is usually on the opposite side of the chancel from the pulpit. Reader stands behind lectern on which reading material is placed for easy viewing.
    3. \par
\par Li Ching (or, Classic of Rites) (Chinese)
\par Confucian: One of the Five Classics included in the Confucian Canon, it is a collection of three books on the Li (rights of propriety): Chou Li (Rites of Chou), I Li (Ceremonies and Rites), and Li Chi (Record of Rites).
\par
\par lights
\par Openings between the mullions of a window.
\par
\par lingam
\par Hindu: An upright, narrow stone, symbolizing the male sexual aspect; usually placed with a yoni.
\par
\par lintel
\par
    \par
  1. Horizontal beam, made of wood or stone, spanning the top of an opening (usually a window or doorway).
    2. \par
  2. An upper horizontal element spanning a doorway or window, supported at each end by the upright jambs.
    3. \par
\par liturgical art
\par Christian: That art which makes visible the unseen presence of God, art before which prayers are said.
\par
\par loggia
\par A gallery open on one or more sides, sometimes pillared or with a colonnade or arcade; it may also be a separate structure, usually in a garden.
\par
\par Lotus Sutra
\par Buddhist (Mayayana): An important sutra in Mahayana Buddhism, compiled in phases up to about 100 CE. It teaches that the forms taken by Buddhist doctrine are provisional only and are provided in accordance with the abilities of its recipients.
\par
\par louver (or, louvre)
\par Slat that can be angled to admit air, while preventing rain or direct sunlight from entering the building.
\par
\par low side window
\par Christian: A window usually on the south side of the chancel, lower than the others, possibly intended for communication between persons outside the chancel and the priest within; perhaps also for the sanctus bell to be heard outside the church.
\par
\par lozenge
\par A diamond shape.
\par
\par lucarne
\par A small opening in an attice or spire.
\par
\par Lu Dong Bin
\par Taoist: One of the Eight Immortals found on Taoist altars: the patron of martial artists and a major spirit worshiped by Long-Men sect Taoists.
\par
\par lulav
\par Jewish: Plant used in the celebration of Sukkot. It is the tall, skinny branch (actually large leaf) of a palm tree. It is generally green with a point at one end. The circumference is basically triangular. It has a spine that runs up the back and a yellowish base.
\par
\par Lun Yu (or, Analects)
\par Confucian: One of the Four Books which are part of the Confucian Canon.
\par
\par lunette
\par A semicircular opening; or, any flat, semicircular surface.
\par
\par lych gate
\par Christian (especially English, Anglican or Episcopal): A covered wooden gateway with open sides at the entrance of a churchyard, providing a resting place for a coffin (the word lych is Saxon for corpse). Part of the burial service is sometimes read there.
\par
\par
\par

M

\par madrasa (Arabic)
\par Muslim: An institution of higher learning in traditional Islamic education.
\par
\par Mahabharata
\par Hindu: The "Great Epic of the Bharatas," containing 90,000 stanzas, is a compilation of ancient Indian epic material made probably between the 2nd Century BCE and the end of the 1st Century CE. It includes the Bhagavadgita.
\par
\par maktab (Arabic)
\par Muslim: A school for the teaching of the Qur'an at the primary level of education, often part of or adjacent to a mosque.
\par
\par mandala (Sanskrit)
\par
    \par
  1. In Eastern religious traditions: A marked-out area or a raised earthen platform, representing the cosmos in miniature and used as a place of purification, initiation and meditation.
    2. \par
  2. Buddhist (Tibetan): A sacred diagram envisioned as an aid to meditation that is often created in colored sand for a specific purpose, and then destroyed.
    3. \par
  3. Buddhist/Hindu: A complex design intended to focus attention during meditation.
    4. \par
\par mandap
\par Hindu/Buddhist: A roofless Tantric shrine made of brick or wood.
\par
\par mandapa
\par Hindu: A hallway in a temple.
\par
\par mandir
\par Hindu: "Abiding place"or "dwelling;" the commonly used word among Hindus for what in English is rendered as "temple.
\par
\par mani
\par Buddhist (Tibetan): A prayer inscribed in rock in high mountain areas.
\par
\par Mannerism
\par A stylistic trand of 16th-century Italian architecture, that departed from Classical conventions of Orders and proportion to produce an exaggerated effect by subverting and manipulating architectural forms.
\par
\par manticore
\par A mythical beast with a human head, the forelegs and body of a lion and a scorpion's sting in its tail.
\par
\par maqsurah (Arabic)
\par Muslim: A screen or grille of wood in a mosque to protect and separate the imam from the crowd.
\par
\par martyrium
\par Christian:
\par
    \par
  1. A shrine or church erected on the site of a martyrdom.
    2. \par
  2. A martyr\rquote s tomb.
    3. \par
  3. A site referring to an event in Christ's life or Passion.
    4. \par
\par mashhad (Arabic)
\par Muslim: A shrine.
\par
\par masjid (plural: masajid) (Arabic; often transliterated as mosque)
\par Muslim: Literally, a place of prostration or prayer, hence the place where Muslims perform the five daily prayers and the congregational prayer on Fridays.
\par
\par masjid al-jami (Arabic: "congregational mosque")
\par Muslim: The place where congregational prayer is held on Fridays, in which the solidarity of believers is expressed in communal prayer; sometimes called a Friday Mosque.
\par
\par masonry
\par Usually, building work in stone; sometimes the term includes work in brick or concrete.
\par
\par math
\par Hindu: A priest\rquote s house.
\par
\par mausoleum
\par A magnificent and stately tomb. The term derives from the tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
\par
\par meditation beads (Vietnamese: trang hat)
\par (see also rosary)
\par Buddhist: A symbol of unity and harmony among all beings. The strand is composed of beads on a string, each representing an individual. However, each bead is not isolated and independent, but connected with all the others.
\par
\par Meng Tzu (or, Mencius)
\par Confucian: One of the Four Books that are included in the Confucian Canon.
\par
\par menorah (plural: menorot) (Hebrew: "candelabrum")
\par Jewish: A candelabrum with seven branches used in Jewish ritual, or the seven-branched oil lamp used in the Tabernacle and Temple. The Hanukkah menorah has eight branches plus a special shammes candle that is used to kindle the others.
\par
\par metope
\par The section of a Classical entablature between triglyphs that is left plain or with carved decoration.
\par
\par mezuzah (Hebrew: "doorpost")
\par Jewish: A box hung on the doorpost of a Jewish home, containing scriptural verses; or a charm worn around the neck. Inside is a parchment roll on which the first two paragraphs of the shema are handwritten. A mezuzzah is attached to every doorpost in the traditional Jewish home, usually inside a decorated case. It is customary for Orthodox Jews to kiss the mezuzah on entering or leaving a house.
\par
\par mihrab (Arabic)
\par Muslim: The apsidal niche in one interior wall of a mosque indicating the direction (qibla) of Mecca, towards which the Muslim worshipper must face while performing prayer. It first appeared in mosques in the early 8th century.
\par
\par minaret (from Arabic "minara")
\par Muslim: The tall, usually slender, tower of a mosque from which Muslims hear the call to prayer five times a day either from an official called a muezzin or (increasingly) a recording of a muezzin's call played over a loudspeaker. Traditional minarets have one or more projecting balconies on which the muezzin stands to call the people to prayer.
\par
\par minbar (Arabic)
\par Muslim: The high pulpit in a mosque; the elevated structure of steps in a mosque from which the khutba is given during Friday prayers.
\par
\par minster
\par
    \par
  1. Christian: Originally, the name for any monastic establishment or its church, whether a monastery proper or a house of secular canons.
    2. \par
  2. Popular usage: "Minster" often forms part of the proper names of (especially) Presbyterian congregations.
    3. \par
\par miqvah (or, miqveh, mikveh) (Hebrew: "collection of water")
\par Jewish: A pool or "gathering"of natural or clear water in or near a synagogue used for ritutal purification, immersion in which renders an individual ritually clean. A miqvah is used by Jewish women to prepare to resume sexual relations with their husbands following the completion of their menstrual cycles, and by Jewish men to prepare for Sabbaths and holy days.
\par
\par misericord (or, miserere)
\par Christian: A bracket on the underside of the seat of a hinged choir stall which, when turned up, serves as a support for the occupant while standing during a long service.
\par
\par missal
\par Christian: A liturgical book used in the Roman Catholic Church, which, since the Middle Ages, has contained the texts and instructions necessary for the celebration of the Mass.
\par
\par miter
\par Christian: A ceremonial hat; especially, a bishop's hat.
\par
\par miya (Japanese)
\par Shinto: One of several terms for a shrine.
\par
\par mokugyo (Japanese)
\par Buddhist: A wooden fish-shaped drum used in East Asian Buddhist temples.
\par
\par moldings (or, mouldings)
\par Decorative profile or contours given to a projecting part, such as a ceiling cornice.
\par
\par monolith
\par A single stone, usually in the form of a monument or column.
\par
\par monstrance
\par Christian (especially Roman Catholic): A holder for the Host in which the latter can be seen and venerated.
\par
\par mortar
\par Material made usually from cement, sand and lime. It is used as a bond between bricks and stone.
\par
\par mosaic
\par Decorative design made up of small squares of colored glass, stone, marble or tile. NOTE: if capitalized, can also be an adjective referring to Moses of the Old Testament.
\par
\par mosque (from the Arabic: masjid, "a place of prostration or prayer")
\par Muslim: The building in which the five daily prayers and the congregational prayer on Fridays take place; in this latter sense, the edifice is also called a masjid al-jami, congregational mosque, in which the solidarity of believers is expressed in communal prayer.
\par
\par mullion
\par
    \par
  1. The decorative internal support within large Gothic windows.
    2. \par
  2. A narrow upright stone pier used to divide the panels of glass in a window.
    3. \par
  3. Fixed vertical members dividing a window.
    4. \par
\par munja
\par Hindu: The sacred thread worn by brahman and chhetri males from the time of puberty.
\par
\par muqarnas (Arabic)
\par Muslim: Quintessential form of Islamic decoration and construction using an elaborately molded corbel to created the characteristic honeycomb or stalactitle form of arch-and-vaulted structures.
\par
\par myrtle
\par Jewish: Plant used in the celebration of Sukkot.
\par
\par
\par
\par

N

\par
\par naivedya
\par Hindu: Food offered to a deity.
\par
\par nangkor
\par Hindu/Buddhist: Innter circumambulatory passage.
\par
\par nani
\par Buddhist: A type of bahal containing a large courtyard surrounded by residences, also including a shrine.
\par
\par naos (= cella)
\par
    \par
  1. The sanctuary or principal room of a temple, containing the statue of a God.
    2. \par
  2. Principal chamber of a Greek temple.
    3. \par
  3. Christian (Eastern): Core of a Byzantine Church.
    4. \par
\par
\par narthex
\par
    \par
  1. Christian: An arcaded transverse porch or vestibule forming the entrance space of a basilica-style church.
    2. \par
  2. Christian: A covered antechamber at the main entrance of a church.
    3. \par
  3. A long, usually arcaded, porch forming an entrance into a public building.
    4. \par
\par nath (\ldblquote place\rdblquote )
\par
\par nave
\par Christian: The main or central area of a church where the congregation usually stands (or sits). Generally, the longitudinal western arm of a Christian church, but more specifically the middle section of the western arm, with aisles on either side. Derived from the Latin navis, meaning ship, symbolizing a contained vessel ferrying souls from damnation to redemption.
\par
\par necropolis (Greek: "city of the dead")
\par A cemetery in which provision is made for the continued welfare of the dead interred therein on the assumption of their continued existence.
\par
\par Nehush'tan
\par Jewish: A bronze incense burner in the shape of a serpent made by Moses, but broken into pieces of Hezekiah (c. 715-687 BCE); an incident included in 2 Kings 18:3-4.\par Ner Tamid (Hebrew: "perpetual light")
\par Jewish: A light (now more often electric than an oil lamp) that burns perpetually in synagogues as a symbolic reminder of the Temple menorah.
\par
\par Nevi'im
\par Jewish: The writings of the prophets, which form part of the Tanakh.
\par
\par New American Testament
\par Civil Religion: The American scripture: Declaration of Independence, Constitution (esp. the Preamble) and the Gettysburg Address.
\par
\par New Testament
\par
    \par
  1. Christian: The collection of works in Greek that eventually came to be agreed upon as normative or "canonical" for the Christian Church in addition to the Bible inherited from Judaism. It consists of the four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, the epistles (letters) of various disciples and the Book of Revelation. The New Testament is understood as the scriptural record of the new covenant, which God has made with his people, now taken to include the whole of mankind.
    \par
  2. Christian: The second section of the Bible.
    3. \par
  3. Christian (Roman Catholic): The New Testament consists of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts of the Apostles, Romans, 1-2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1-2 Thessalonians, 1-2 Timothy, Titus, Phlemon, Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, 1-3 John, Jude, Apocalypse.
    4. \par
  4. Chrisitan (Roman Catholic): The texts compiled by Bishop Athanasius of Alexandria in 367 CE and ratified by the Church Council of Hippo in 393 and by the Council of Carthage in 397.
    5. \par
  5. Christian (Protestant): The New Testament consists of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts of the Apostles, Romans, 1-2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1-2 Thessalonians, 1-2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, 1-3 John, Jude, Revelation.
    6. \par
\par
\par niche\par
    \par
  1. A recess in a wall, often specifically designed to accommodate a statue
    2. \par
  2. Jewish: This recess is intended to direct the worshipper's focus toward Jerusalem.
    3. \par
  3. Muslim: This recess (see mihrab) indicates the direction (qibla) of Mecca, towards which the Muslim worshipper must face while performing prayer.
    4. \par
\par Nihonskoki (or, Nihongi) (Japanese: "Chronicles of Japan")
\par Shinto: The second of two major Shinto scriptures, this classical work was compiled in Chinese at the Imperial Japanese court in 720 C.E.. (The first is the Kojiki.)
\par
\par nisan sahib (or, nishan) (Punjabi)
\par Sikh: A saffron or blue flag, depicting the Sikh emblem (a two-edged sword encircled by two curved swords), commonly kept in a gurdwara.
\par
\par Novum Organum<./B>
\par Book by Roger Bacon. 1620.
\par
\par
\par

O

\par oculus
\par
    \par
  1. A round window.
    2. \par
  2. The central, round window (in Roman times, unglazed) at the apex of a dome.
    3. \par
\par o-fuda (Japanese)
\par A wooden or paper amulet on which is written the name of a Shinto or Buddhist deity. The o-fuda is taken home from the shrine or temple, enshrined on the house altar (kamidana) and worshipped to obtain divine aid.
\par
\par ogee
\par A double-curved line made up of a convex and a concave part.
\par
\par ogee arch\par A pointed arch with four arcs, the centers of two inside the arch, of the other two outside; this produces a compound curve of two parts, one convex and the other concave.
\par
\par oklad (Russian)
\par Christian (Eastern): An ornamented and often bejeweled metal cover originally made to protect especially treasured icons, later made together with the icon, revealing only the face and hands of the sacred figures. The oklad is an extension of the riaa, which leaves the whole body visible and which was itself an extension of the basma, an ornamental metal covering for the frame only.
\par
\par Old Testament
\par Christian: The term used to describe the Hebrew Bible from a Christian standpoint.
\par
    \par
  1. Christian (Roman Catholic): The Old Testament consists of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Josue, Judges, Ruth, 1-4 Kings, 1-2 Paralipompenon, 1-2 Esdras, Tobias, Judith, Esthe, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Canticle of Canticles, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Isaias, Jeremias, Lamentations, Baruch, Ezechiel, Daniel, Osee, Joel, Amos, Abdias, jonas, Micheas, Nahum, Habacuc, Sophonias, Aggeus, Zacharias, Malachias, 1-2 Machabees.
    2. \par
  2. Christian (Protestant): The Old Testament consists of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1-2 Samuel, 1-2 Kings, 1-2 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi
    3. \par
\par o-mamori (Japanese)
\par Shinto/Buddhist: A small amulet obtained from Shinto shrines or Buddhist temples and worn on the body for protection.
\par
\par onion dome
\par A convex roof with a circular or polygonal base and an ogee-shaped section. Used in both Christian (especially Eastern Orthodox) and Islamic architecture.
\par
\par oratory
\par
    \par
  1. Christian: A small private chapel, either in a church or in a house.
    2. \par
  2. Popular usage (esp. England): A church-like space where concerts are held.
    3. \par
\par
\par orders
\par The styles of Classical architecture, defined by the designs of their columns and entablatures. The three Greek orders are Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. The Romans added Tuscan and Composite.
\par
\par oriel
\par A window projecting from the flat face of a wall, on an upper story, and usually curved.
\par
\par orientation
\par
    \par
  1. The siting of a building in relation to the points of a compass.
    2. \par
  2. Christian: Churches are often built with the altar at the east and the main entrance at the west of the structure, but there are many exceptions (including St. Peter's in Rome, which is oriented west-east).
    \par
\par ossuary
\par
    \par
  1. A depository for the bones of the dead.
    2. \par
  2. Jewish: A common secondary burial site used by ancient Jews.
    3. \par
\par
\par

P

\par padma (\ldblquote lotus flower\rdblquote )
\par
\par pagoda
\par Buddhist: A temple in the form of a tower, usually polygonal, with elaborately ornamented roofs projecting from each of its many stories.
\par
\par Palladianism
\par An architectural style favored in England during the 18th Century, derived from the architecture and publications of Andrea Palladio (1508-80). It spread to America in the mid-18th Century and beame an accepted style for grand rasidences and civic buildings.
\par
\par palmette
\par A fan-shaped ornament composed of narrow divisions like a palm leaf.
\par
\par Panagia (Greek: "all-holy")
\par
    \par
  1. Christian: Mary as the Mother of God.
    2. \par
  2. Christian (Eastern): A breastplate icon worn by a bishop of the Orthodox Church on feast-days.
    3. \par
\par parapet
\par
    \par
  1. The part of a wall above the gutter, which is sometimes decorated with battlements or other designs.
    2. \par
  2. A low wall placed to protect any spot where there is a sudden drop, for example at the edge of a bridge, quay or house-top.
    3. \par
\par parclose
\par Christian: A screen enclosing a chapel or shrine and separating it from the main body of the church so as to exclude non-worshippers.
\par
\par parekklesion (Greek)
\par Christian (Eastern) A chapel, either free-standing or attached.
\par
\par parvis (or, parvise)
\par Christian (Western):
\par
    \par
  1. The open space in front of and around cathedrals or churches.
    2. \par
  2. A room over a church porch.
    3. \par
\par pastophory
\par Christian (Eastern): A room serving as a diaconikon; as a rule, flanking the apse of the church.
\par
\par paten
\par Christian: A slightly concave plate used to hold the Host for the Eucharist.
\par
\par patera
\par A small, flat, circular or oval ornament in Classical-style architecture, often decorated with acanthus leaves or rose petals.
\par
\par path (as an architectural concept)
\par Representing the initiation, journey, and time of transformation, the path symbolizes psychological, not physical, triumph. Along the way, obscure resistances are overcome and long-lost powers are revived. The three basic shapes of paths are linear (leading step by step to the resolution of a conflict), radial (traveling inward to a centered spot or outward to enrich the world) and spiral (a stream of consciousness that expands to new dimensions while referring to the source of its existence). The path points the way to the goal, to the luminous shore of truth, consciousness, and bliss. (adapted from The Temple in the House)
\par
\par paubha (Nepalese)
\par Hindu: Traditional Newari painting, usually religious in motif.
\par
\par pavilion
\par
    \par
  1. An ornamental building placed amid a landscaped setting.
    2. \par
  2. Can also be an independently expressed part of a larger building, wing or fa\'e7ade.
    3. \par
\par pedestal
\par In Classical-style architecture, the base supporting a column or colonnade; also, more loosely, the base for a statue or any superstructure.
\par
\par pediment
\par In Classical-style architecture, a triangular section of wall above the entablature and below the gabled roof, that can be, instead, semicircular in shape.
\par
\par pendentive
\par Carved triangular surface formed to support a circular dome over a square structure. More specifically, a concave spandrel leading from the angle of two walls to the base of a circular dome. It is one of the means by which a circular dome is supported over a square or polygonal compartment.
\par
\par pent roof
\par A small eaves-like projection from the facade of a building between the first and second floors; has a single straight slope; may provide very limited shelter for a window or door directly below, but is usually merely decorative.
\par
\par Pentateuch
\par Jewish/Christian: The first five books of the Hebrew Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. Also called the "Law".
\par
\par pentice
\par A small pent roof, on a side of a building, often restricted to the area over a door (such as the door to a convent).
\par
\par peripteros (Greek)
\par A temple with a single range of columns around it.
\par
\par peristyle
\par A continuous range of columns surrounding the main body of a building, or the colonnade around the inside of a court or room; the term is rarely used for an external colonnade.
\par
\par pew
\par Christian: A fixed wooden seat in a church, usually a wooden bench with back and sides.\par A boxed pew is one with a high wooden enclosure all around and a small door typical of Georgian style.
\par
\par piano nobile (Italian)
\par The main living floor of a house raised above ground level, usually on pilotis.
\par
\par pier
\par
    \par
  1. The solid masonry support (pillar or column) that supports an arch or bridge.
    2. \par
  2. The structural support in a building, usually of solid masonry, but larger and less decorative than a column.
    3. \par
  3. Any solid mass of masonry between openings.
    4. \par
  4. A squat medieval and Romanesque forms of columns, often changing in section from square to circular or polygonal.
    5. \par
  5. A compound pier (or clustered pier) is a pier comprising a number of shafts, common in Gothic architecture.
    6. \par
\par pilaster
\par A shallow pier or rectangular column projecting only slightly from a wall; an adaptation of any classical Order, rectangular in section and applied to or emerging from a wall, usually by one sixth of its breadth.
\par
\par Pilgrim's Progress
\par English. Classic Protestant book by John Bunyan. 1678.
\par
\par pillar
\par A free-standing upright member, which, unlike a column, need not by cylindrical or conform with any of the architectural orders.
\par
\par pile
\par Shaft of wood or concrete, which is driven into the ground as part of the foundations of the building.
\par
\par piloti (Italian)
\par Slender post or "stilt" raising a building off the ground, thereby leaving the ground floor open.
\par
\par pinnacle
\par A small turret-like termination crowning spires, buttresses, the angles of parapets, etc., usually of steep pyramidal or conical shape and ornamented.
\par
\par piscina
\par Christian: A stone vessel or basin containing water, usually set in or against a wall to the south of the altar for cleaning communion utensils; usually provided with a drain.
\par
\par pith
\par Hindu/Buddhist: An open shrine dedicated to a Tantric Goddess.
\par
\par plinth
\par The projecting base of a wall; or, the lowest part of a column base.
\par
\par pointed arch (or, equilateral arch)
\par An arch produced by two curves, each with a radius equal to the span and meeting in a point at the top.
\par
\par polyhedral dome
\par A convex roof on a polygonal base whose sides meet at the top of the dome.
\par
\par porch
\par The covered entrance to a building; called a portico if columned and pedimented like a temple front.
\par
\par portal
\par
    \par
  1. Any door or gate, often elaborately decorated.
    2. \par
  2. A small door set within a larger door or gate.
    3. \par
\par portico
\par
    \par
  1. Entrance porch; usually colonnaded with a roof supported on one side by decorative columns.
    2. \par
  2. A roofed space, open or partly enclosed, forming the entrance and centerpiece of the fa\'e7ade of a temple, house or church, often with detached or attached columns and a pediment.
    3. \par
\par postern
\par A small gateway, sometimes concealed, at the back of a monastery.
\par
\par presbytery
\par Christian: The part of the church which lies east of the choir and where the high altar is placed. generally the area to the east of the crossing of a church, reserved for the clergy, and containing the main altar and sanctuary.
\par
\par presider\rquote s chair
\par Christian: An often ornate seat for the primary clergyperson, sometimes with a canopy or other throne-like detailing. In Episcopalian churches, a seat reserved only for the bishop that remains unoccupied in his/her absence.
\par
\par Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion
\par [xxxx]
\par
\par pulpit
\par Christian: A raised, separate area of wood or stone, often elaborately carved and sometimes with an acoustic canopy above called a sounding board or tester, where clergy speak from. The person who is giving the sermon stands in the pulpit, sometimes elevated above the congregation as much as 15 feet (in Colonial churches) when height was necessary so clergy could be seen/heard in the back of the church.
\par
\par pulpitum
\par In Christian architecture: Stone screen in a major church to shut off the choir from the nave. It could also be used as a backing for the return choir stalls.
\par
\par pylon
\par The gateway structure to an Egyptian temple, comprosing massive rectilinear towers with inclining walls.
\par
\par pyx
\par Christian (Roman Catholic): A small box used for carrying the Host, i.e. bread or wafers consecrated during a Mass, to the sick. Unlike a monstrance, a pyx is not intended for displaying the Host, simply for transporting it.
\par
\par

QR

\par qibla (or, quibia) (Arabic)
\par Muslim: The direction in which the Muslim faces for prayer, that is, towards Mecca.
\par
\par quadrangle
\par Four-sided enclosure or courtyard surrounded by buildings on all sides.
\par
\par quoins
\par The dressed stones at the corners of buildings, usually laid so that their faces are alternately large and small; often the largest stones in a wall.
\par
\par Qur'an (Arabic)
\par Muslim: Islamic scripture; the sacred book, the uncreated word of God, hence pre-existent to the world and to man, whose archetype is laid up in heaven. The scripture is the corpus of revelations granted by Allah to His Messenger Muhammad through the archangel Gabriel, but the message is God's alone without any human interference. (Qur'an is preferred to the alternate transliteration, Koran.)
\par
\par rakhi
\par Hindu: xxxx.
\par
\par Ramayana
\par Hindu: The epic story of Rama, the prince of Ayodhya, and his devout and noble wife, Sita; a Sanskrit composition in 24,000 stanzas attributed to the ancient Indian sage and poet Valmiki.
\par
\par Rationalism
\par Architectural movement in Europe seeking to adopt rationalized and reasoned solutions to design problems, in opposition to historicist and formulaic design traditions. Usually realized throug a conscious expression of structural system and constructional materials. The movement emerged through the 18th century architecture of the French Enlightenment. Developed throught the 20th century in the teaching of the TGerman Bauhaus; it became a central principle of Modernism.
\par
\par rebate
\par A continuous rectangular notch or groove cut on an edge, so that a plank, door, etc., may be fitted into it.
\par
\par relic
\par Christian (esp. Roman Catholic): A fragment from the body of a saint, or from an object associated with a saint.
\par
\par relieving arch (or, discharging arch)
\par An arch of rough construction placed in a wall, above an arch or any opening, to relieve it of much of the superincumbent weight.
\par
\par relic
\par Christian (Roman Catholic): A physical remnant of a revered believer (such as a saint).
\par
\par reliquary
\par Christian (esp. Roman Catholic): A container for the preservation or display of a relic.
\par
\par Renaissance
\par The period during which the Classical style of architecture was reintroduced in Europe, the 15th and 16th centuries in most places.
\par
\par reredos
\par Christian: A wall or screen, usually of carved wood or stone, set behind an altar.
\par
\par retable
\par Christian: A shelf or ledge above the back of an altar; also an altar-piece either painted or carved, attached to the back of an altar.
\par
\par reveal
\par That part of a jamb which lies between the glass or door and the outer wall surface.
\par
\par riaa (Russian)
\par Christian (Eastern Orthodox): An ornamented and often bejeweled metal cover for an icon, which leaves the whole body visible. (see also oklad)
\par
\par rib
\par
    \par
  1. The stone arch that supports and strengthens the vault.
    2. \par
  2. A projecting molded band applied to a ceiling, most commonly used to emphasize and to decorate the structure of vaults.
    3. \par
\par rib vault
\par A groin vault reinforced by ribs, one in which the intersections of the surfaces are marked by projecting bands of stone that form arches.
\par
\par rikhi doro
\par Hindu: A golden thread which Shiva devotees tie around their wrists to ward off evil and disease.
\par
\par Romanesque architecture
\par The architectural style that developed between the end of the Roman Empire and around 1000 CE is characterized by round arches, simple vaults, and, sometimes, Corinthian capitals; churches were often build to the Romans' basilica design with the addition of facades with rows of arches and frontages with twin towers. (This style preceded Gothic.) In Midwestern vernacular church architecture, look for square floor plan, round arch and vault, and windows with round tops.
\par
\par rood (Saxon: "cross" or "crucifix")
\par Christian: In Saxon churches the cross or crucifix was set up at the east end of the nave, flanked by figures of the Virgin and St. John. It was usually wooden and fixed to a special beam in the chancel arch above the rood loft. Sometimes the rood is painted on the wall above the chancel arch.
\par
\par rood loft
\par Christian: A gallery built above the rood screen, often to carry the rood or other images and candles; approached by stairs either of wood or built in the wall.
\par
\par rood screen
\par Christian: A screen below the rood, set across the east end of the nave and shutting off the chancel.
\par
\par rosary
\par A set of pebbles, a string of knots in a cord or a string of beads used for counting prayers.
\par
    \par
  1. Christian (Roman Catholic): A Roman Catholic rosary usually has 55 or, less commonly, 165 beads, and may be used for counting the number of times the Ave Maria is to be said while meditating on events in the life of Christ.
    2. \par
  2. Buddhist: Buddhist rosaries vary considerably but may also be used for counting simple devotional phrases; when 108 beads are counted they refer to the 108 human passions referred to in Buddhist teaching.
    3. \par
\par rose window
\par Curved stone mullions reminiscent of petals divide a circular window permitting elaborate decorative tracery and stained glass work. This large, round, stained glass window usually is placed in the western fa\'e7ade of a Gothic style church or cathedral.
\par
\par rotunda
\par A circular building or round room, often domed and surrounded by a colonnade.
\par
\par rumal (Punjabi)
\par Sikh: The elegant cloth wrapped around the Guru Granth Sahib when it is closed.
\par
\par
\par

S

\par sacraments
\par Christian: The consecrated elements of the Eucharist.
\par (see also Sacraments in part two of this glossary)
\par
\par sacristy
\par Christian: A room near the altar area of a church in which liturgical vessels and vestments are kept and prepared. The sacristy may also function as a vestry, where the vestments are donned, but sometimes there is an additional vestry, especially for servers and choir members It is an area outside public area of the chancel, usually with countertops and running water for preparation of communion items before the service begins; an area where clergy wait or prepare for the worship service. (=diaconikon in Greek Orthodox churches)
\par
\par sanctuary
\par
    \par
  1. Any holy or sacred space.
    2. \par
  2. Any specific location where God is present.
    3. \par
  3. Christian: From Byzantine architecture onwards, the area, usually at the east end of the church, containing the main altar.
    4. \par
  4. Christian: The area around the main altar of a church.
    5. \par
\par sanctuary (as an architectural concept)
\par The sanctuary balances and integrates the upward energy of a steeple or sky door (opening in ceiling).\par The portal signals the transition from the chaos of the outer world to the peace of the inner one; it marks the first step in the healing of the psyche. The central aisle passing through the middle of the sanctuary marks the passage to enlightenment, the process of healing. To the sides of the central aisle are places to sit in subdued light. Mind and body can become absorbed in silence and wholeness, pausing in the stillness before taking the next steps of the journey toward the altar. The altar signals the place of arrival and rebirth. (adapted from The Temple in the Home)
\par
\par sankha
\par Hindu: The conch shell, one of the four (sacred) symbols held by Vishnu; it is widely used in Hindu temples and shrines during prayer.
\par
\par saranghi (Nepalese)
\par A small, four-stringed viola shaped from a single piece of wood and played with a horsehair bow.
\par
\par sash window
\par A window formed with sashes, i.e., sliding glazed frames running in vertical grooves.
\par
\par satal (Nepalese)
\par Hindu: A house for pilgrims.
\par
\par saucer dome
\par A convex roof, which has a circular base and a segmental (less than a semicircle) section.
\par
\par scallop
\par An ornament carved or molded in the form of a shell.
\par
\par screen
\par A partition or enclosure of iron, stone, or wood, often carved. (See, for example, iconostasis, rood screen.)
\par
\par Scripture (or, Scriptures)
\par Holy writing; holy book, holy script; sacred written words.
\par
\par scroll
\par An ornament in the form of a scroll of paper partly rolled, or a molding in such a form.
\par
\par segment
\par Part of a circle smaller than a semicircle.
\par
\par segmental arch
\par An arch that is a segment of a circle drawn from a center below the springing line.
\par
\par semantron
\par Christian (Eastern): A long bar of wood (about six feet long) struck with a mallet (little wooden hammer) in Greek Orthodox churches to summon worshippers. The church represents "the ark of salvation", the rapping echos the sound of Noah's tools, summoning the chosen to join him. John Julius Norwich has noted that when the ringing of Christian church bells was forbidden in Ottoman times, the semantron continued in regular use.
\par
\par Septuagint
\par Jewish/Christian: The Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, begin at Alexandria in the 3rd Century BCE for the Benefit of the Greek-speaking Jewish community in that area. Since the First Century CE the Septuagint has been the standard version of the Hebrew Bible for Greek-speaking Christians.
\par
\par shaft
\par
    \par
  1. The trunk of a column between the base and capital.
    2. \par
  2. The vertical, often fluted, portion of a column.
    3. \par
  3. The body of a column or Order between the base and the capital, often fluted.
    4. \par
  4. In medieval architecture, one of the narrow vertical parts which together form a pier or pillar, or window and door surrounds.
    5. \par
\par shaligram
\par Hindu: A black ammonite fossil regarded as sacred by Vishnu devotees.
\par
\par shammash (or, shammes) (Hebrew, or Yiddish)
\par Jewish: The ninth candle which is used to light the other candles on a Hanukkah menorah.
\par
\par shammes (or, shammash)(Hebrew, or Yiddish)
\par Jewish: The ninth candle which is used to light the other candles on a Hanukkah menorah.
\par
\par shastras
\par Hindu: Scriptures
\par
\par shide (Japanese)
\par Shinto: Zigzag strips of paper hung from a shimenawa.
\par
\par Shih Ching (or, Classic of Odes)
\par Confucian: One of the Five Classics included in the Confucian Canon, it is a collection of 300 poems and songs dating mainly from the early Chou dynasty (1027-402 BCE).
\par
\par shikhara (Nepalese)
\par Hindu: A brick or stone temple of geometrical shape with a tall central spire.
\par
\par Shikshapatri (Sanskrit)
\par Hindu (Gujarati): Scripture: the Lord Swaminarayan\rquote s written word; a code of conduct in 212 verses in Sanskrit. See ShikshapatriShikshapatri\par
\par shimenawa (Japanese)
\par Shinto: A sacred rope marking the presence of a God or the border of a sacred area. Zigzag strips of paper (shide), are hung from the rope, which is made of twisted new straw.
\par
\par shinden (Japanese)\par Shinto: A place where an ancestral deity is enshrined.
\par
\par shingles
\par Wooden tiles for covering roofs and spires.
\par
\par shoden (Japanese)\par Covered porch.
\par
\par shofar (Hebrew)
\par
    \par
  1. Jewish: A ram's horn, or of any ritually pure animal except the cow, blown as a trumpet on the High Holidays and other important occasions, and at the conclusion of Yom Kippur.
    2. \par
  2. A hollowed out ram's horn, one of the earliest known musical instruments.
    3. \par
\par Shou Lao
\par Taoist: One of the statues found on Taoist altars representing Shou Lao, the god of longevity, easily recognized by his large cranium, medicinal gourd and \ldblquote peach of immortality\rdblquote . (See also Shou Lao in second section of glossary.)
\par
\par shouldered arch
\par An arch with a lintel connected with the jambs of a doorway by corbels. The corbels start with a concave quadrant and continue vertically to meet the lintel.
\par
\par shrine
\par
    \par
  1. Any sacred building or place.
    2. \par
  2. A structure containing a sacred object.
    3. \par
\par Shu Ching (or, Classic of History)
\par Confucian: One of the Five Classics included in the Confucian Canon, it is a collection of documents, speeches, and counsels made by Chinese rulers and ministers purporting to date from the legendary rulers Yao and Shun to the early Chou dynasty (1000 BCE). Many of the supposedly older documents actually date from the Later Han dynasty (23-220 CE).
\par
\par Siddur (Hebrew)
\par Jewish: Literally, the "order" of Hebrew prayers, the Siddur is the book with daily prayers for morning, afternoon and evening services, as well as additional prayers for sabbaths and Holy Days.
\par
\par sikhara (Hindi?)
\par
    \par
  1. Indian subcontinent: Tower.
    2. \par
  2. Hindu: The tower on a Hindu temple.
    3. \par
\par
\par sill
\par The lower horizontal part of a window frame.
\par
\par sirdar (Nepalese)
\par Hindu: A votive mixture made of red dust combined with mustard oil.
\par
\par slype
\par Christian: A covered way or passage, especially in a cathedral or monastic church, leading east from the cloisters between transept and chapterhouse.
\par
\par soffit
\par The underside of any architectural element.
\par
\par solea
\par Christian: A raised pathway projecting from the bema to the ambo, especially in Early Christian and Byzantine-style churches.
\par
\par sotoba (Japanese)
\par Buddhist: Long wooded memorial tablets in cemeteries, notched in five sections at the top and bearing appropriate inscriptions.
\par
\par spandrel
\par The triangular space between the side of an arch, the horizontal drawn from the level of its apex, and the vertical of its springing; also used to describe the surface between two arches in an arcade, and the surface of a vault between adjacent ribs.
\par
\par spire (or, attice)
\par A tall pyramidal, polygonal, or conical structure rising from a tower, turret or roof (usually, of a church) and terminating in a point. Two common types are broach (octagonal rising directly from a tower) and needle (thin spire rising from the center of tower roof).
\par
\par Spring and Autumn Annals (or, Ch'un Ch'iu)
\par Confucian: One of the Five Elements which are part of the Confucian Canon, it includes extracts from the history of the Chinese state of Lu from 722 to 484 BCE, said to have been compiled by Confucius.
\par
\par springing line
\par The level at which an arch springs from its supports.
\par
\par squinch
\par An arch or system of concentrically wider and gradually projecting arches, placed diagonally at the internal angles of towers to fit a polygonal or round superstructure onto a square plan.
\par
\par squint (= hagioscope)
\par Christian: An obliquely cut opening in a wall or through a pier to allow a view of the main altar of a church from places whence it could not otherwise be seen.
\par
\par stalactite work
\par Muslim: Ceiling ornament often found in a mosque formed by corbelled squinches made of several layers of brick scalloped out to resemble natural stalactites.
\par
\par Star of David (Hebrew: Magen David =" Shield of David")
\par Jewish: Six-pointed star; a decorative motif typical of synagogues. This symbol was first associated with the Jewish people only in the 17th and 18th centuries. Only in modern times has it become a symbol of Judaism and of modern Israel.
\par
\par stall
\par A carved seat of wood or stone in a row of similar seats; if hinged, often carved on the underside. (See misericord)
\par
\par Stations of the Cross
\par
    \par
  1. Christian (Roman Catholic): A series of 14 carvings or paintings, usually hung on the walls of the nave of a church, which show the sequence of incidents at the end of Christ's life, before which prayers are said, especially during Lent and in particular on Good Friday.
    2. \par
  2. Christian (Roman Catholic): A series of 14 free-standing sculptures used as devotional aids, often in a garden setting.
    3. \par
\par
\par steeple
\par Christian: The tower and spire of a church taken together.
\par
\par stele
\par A stone slab, usually inscribed, and used as a gravestone or, with a historical or religious inscription, placed in a temple.
\par
\par stilted arch
\par An arch with its springing line raised by vertical piers above the impost level.
\par
\par stoa
\par Detached colonnade found in Classical Greek architecture.
\par
\par stoup
\par Christian (Roman Catholic): A vessel to contain Holy Water, placed near the entrance of a church; usually in the form of a shallow dish set against a wall or pier or in a niche.
\par
\par strainer arch
\par An arch inserted across a nave or an aisle to prevent the walls from leaning.
\par
\par string course
\par A continuous projecting horizontal band set inthe surface of an exterior wall and usually molded.
\par
\par structure
\par In architecture: The \ldblquote bones\rdblquote of a building, its skeleton, its framework.
\par
\par stucco
\par Plaster work used in imitation of stone, often decorately incised or elaborately molded.
\par
\par stupa (Sanskrit: "cairn", "monument")
\par Buddhist: A dome-shaped or bell-shaped mound, a stylized tumulus, commemorating the death of a Buddha or other enlightened person and usually containing relics. The dome of the stupa symbolizes the universe; the four gates at the four corners of a surrounding wall symbolize the winds. In a typical Buddhist stupa, five geometric forms are stacked to represent the universe: the square at the base symbolizes the earth; the circle equals water; the triangle, fire; the crescent, air, and the diamond represents the ethereal qualities of space.
\par
\par stylobate
\par Continuous base supporting a row or rows of columns.
\par
\par sukkah (Hebrew: "tabernacle")
\par Jewish: A temporary structure built especially for the festival of Sukkot. Most are set up in backyards, on porches or balconies. A sukkah has no solid roof. Rather it is covered with branches, leaves or other natural growth. The covering is supposed to be thick enough to provide shade, but light enough that one can still see the stars at night shining through it.
\par
\par Swamini Vato
\par Hindu (Gujarati): Scripture: "The Guru\rquote s Word"; excerpts from the spiritual talks of Akshar Brahman Gunatitanand Swami. See: Swamini"}}{\fldrslt{\cf1\ul http://www.swaminarayan.org/scriptures/swaminivato/index.htm\rdblquote >Swamini}}}\cf0\ulnone\f0\fs20 Vato.
\par
\par synagogue
\par
    \par
  1. Jewish: Traditionally, the main public institution of a community.
    2. \par
  2. In contemporary usage: A Jewish congregation or the place where it gathers or assembles for worship.
    3. \par
\par synthronon
\par Christian: The bench or benches reserved for the clergy in the semicircle of the apse or in rows on either side of the bema, especially in Early Christian and Byzantine-style churches.
\par
\par

T

\par Ta Hsueh (or, Great Learning)
\par Confucian: One of the Four Books included in the Confucian Canon.
\par
\par tabernacle
\par
    \par
  1. Christian (especially Roman Catholic): A special receptacle, often richly decorated and of special material, for conserving the bread or wafers consecrated during a Mass. It is often placed on or near the main altar of a church, but large churches may have special chapels for this "reserved sacrament.
    2. \par
  2. In popular usage: An elaborate and/or large building used for religious purposes.
    3. \par
  3. An ornamented recess or receptacle to contain the Holy Sacrament or relics.
    4. \par
  4. A free-standing canopy.
    5. \par
  5. Jewish: see Feast of Tabernacles in second section of glossary.
    6. \par
\par tabla
\par Sikh/Hindu: A traditional hand drum, often used in religious ritual on the Indian subcontinent.
\par
\par tallis
\par See tallit.
\par
\par tallit (or, tallis) (Hebrew, or Yiddish)
\par Jewish: A ritual prayer shawl worn by men, with braided fringes attached to each of its four corners.
\par
\par Talmud (plural: Talmudim) (Hebrew)
\par Jewish:
\par
    \par
  1. An extensive commentary on the first collection of Jewish Law known as Mishnah. There are two editions, the Babylonian and the Jerusalem.
    2. \par
  2. The authoritative collection of Jewish tradition comprising the Mishnah and Gemara.
    3. \par
\par tamagaki (Japanese)
\par Shinto/Buddhist: A fence or wall surrounding shrine buildings or defining the boundaries of shrine precincts. The tamagaki may be made of wood or stone and is sometimes found in multiple layers.
\par
\par tamagushi (Japanese)
\par Shinto: A small branch of green leaves presented to a deity.
\par
\par Tanakh
\par Jewish: =Old Testament, =Hebrew Bible. Consists of the Torah, Nevi'im, and Kethuvim. Tanakh is an acronym of these three titles.
\par
\par Tao Te Ching (Chinese: "Book of Truth and Virtue")
\par Taoist: Scriptures written/compiled by Lao-Tzu.
\par
\par tarot
\par
    \par
  1. A pack of 78 cards used for games.
    2. \par
  2. New Age: The same pack of 78 cards, used for divination, especially among Wiccans.
    3. \par
\par tebam
\par Jewish: A dais or rostrum for the reader in a synagogue. Adjoining it to the east is the Chief Rabbi's seat.
\par
\par tefillin (Hebrew: "phylacteries")
\par Jewish: The two black leather boxes worn on the left arm and head by adult male Jews during weekday morning services These are not so much phylacteries or amulets as a literal application of a biblical commandment. The black leather box-shaped instruments contain excerpts from Scripture: Exodus 13:1-10, 11-16; Deuteronomy 6:4-9, 11:13-21.
\par
\par temenos (Greek: "sanctuary")
\par
    \par
  1. An area marked off from common use either for a king, or for a god.
    2. \par
  2. Temenos is a leading Scandinavian journal of religious studies.
    3. \par
\par temizuya (Japanese)
\par Shinto: The structure where ablutions of hands and mouth are performed near the entrance of a Shinto shrine.
\par
\par temple
\par
    \par
  1. A building where worship takes place.
    2. \par
  2. In popular usage, refers primarily to sacred buildings used for worship by Jews and Buddhists.
    3. \par
\par tent-and-tower churches
\par Christian (Eastern): A description of typical Russian Orthodox church architecture, deriving from its tiered composition, said to be derivative of timber-framed churches of northern Russia.
\par
\par terrace
\par A level promenade in front of a building.
\par
\par terra cotta
\par Fired but unglazed clay, used mainly for wall covering and ornamentation as it can be fired in molds.
\par
\par terrazzo
\par A flooring finish of marble chips mixed with cement mortar and laid in situ; the surface is then ground and polished.
\par
\par tesserae
\par The small cubes of glass, stone, marble or tile used in mosaic.
\par
\par tessellated
\par An adjective describing a cement floor or wall covering in which tesserae are embedded.
\par
\par thangka
\par Buddhist: A scroll painting with a religious meaning or theme.
\par
\par thurible
\par Christian: (Old French from Medieval Latin turibulum) a metal censer suspended from chains, in which incense is burned during worship services.
\par tie beam
\par Horizontal beam forming part of the structure of a roof. It connects two walls, preventing them from moving apart.
\par
\par tika
\par Hindu: A colorful vermillion powder applied to the forehead, between the eyes, as a symbol of the presence of the divine.
\par
\par tiki
\par Sacred statue or amulet.
\par
\par Tipitaka (or, Tripitaka) (Pali, or Sanskrit: "threefold collection")
\par Buddist: A term for the Buddhist canonical scriptures.
\par
\par tirtha
\par Hindu: Pilgrimage site.
\par
\par topi (Nepalese)
\par Hindu: Formal, traditional Nepali cap worn by adult males.
\par
\par Torah (Hebrew: teaching, instruction, revelation)
\par
    \par
  1. Jewish: The first section of the Hebrew Bible, it contains the five Books of Moses, known as the Pentateuch.
    2. \par
  2. Can be a general term referring to divine law and instruction.
    3. \par
\par Torah Shrine
\par Jewish: The place in a synagogue where the Torah scrolls are kept between readings.
\par
\par torana
\par Hindu/Buddhist: a decorative carved crest suspended over the door of a sanctum, with the figure of the enshrined deity at its center. Simply: gateway arch over a sculpted image.
\par
\par torii (Japanese)
\par Shinto: A symbolic gateway erected at the entrance to the sacred precincts of a Shinto shrine, separating the inner area from the profane world surrounding it. Several torii may be erected along the avenue of approach.
\par
\par trabeated
\par Structural systems comprosing posts and beams and used for simple support.\par tracery
\par The ornamental work in the upper part of a window, screen, or panel, or used decoratively in blank arches and vaults. Most commonly used to describe the decorative carved stonework of Gothic church windows.
\par
\par trang hat (Vietnamese: meditation beads)
\par Buddhist: A symbol of unity and harmony among all beings. The strand is composed of beads on a string, each representing an individual. However, each bead is not isolated and independent, but connected with all the others.
\par
\par transept
\par Christian:
\par
    \par
  1. The transverse arms of a cross-shaped church, usually between nave and chancel, but also occasionally at the west end of the nave as well, and also doubled, with the eastern arms farther east than the junction of nave and chancel.
    2. \par
  2. In a Latin cross plan (as in a Gothic cathedral) the section that crosses the nave, usually separating the nave and the choir.
    3. \par
  3. Area of a cruciform church which laterally intersects the main body of the church at the crossing.
    4. \par
  4. Part of a church or cathedral built at right angles to the nave and choir, often housing small chapels.
    5. \par
\par trefoil
\par A three-lobed or leaf-shaped curve formed by the cusping of a circle or arch.
\par
\par tribune
\par
  1. A raised platform or rostrum.
    2. \par Christian:
    \par
  2. The apse of a basilica or basilican-style church.
    3. \par
  3. The gallery in a church.
    4. \par
\par triforum
\par The arcaded story between the nave arcade and the clerestory.
\par
\par triglyph
\par Projecting block incised with two vertical grooves, producing a rhythmic decoration on the frieze of Classical buildings.
\par
\par trim
\par The framing or edging of openings and other features on a fa\'e7ade or indoors. It is usually of a color and material different from that of the adjacent wall surface.
\par
\par Tripitaka (Sanskrit: "three baskets")
\par Buddhist: The earliest settled scriptures, which are divided into three main sections. (see also Tipitaka)
\par
\par triptych
\par Three panels joined together by hinges.
\par
\par trisul
\par Hindu: The trident, chief symbol of Shiva.
\par
\par tsa-tsa
\par Hindu/Buddhist: a small clay icon of a deity or other religious symbol.
\par
\par Tu Di Gong
\par Taoist : One of the statues found on Taoist altars representing the lord of the soil, guardian of the realm of the ancestors and bestower of wealth. (See also Tu Di Gong in second second of glossary.)
\par
\par Tudor arch
\par A late medieval pointed arch whose shanks start with a curve near to a quarter circle and continue to the apex in a straight line.
\par
\par tulsi (Nepalese)
\par Hindu: The sacred basil plant.
\par
\par tunal (Nepalese)
\par Hindu: The carved strut of a temple.
\par
\par turret
\par A very small and slender tower.
\par
\par tympanum
\par
    \par
  1. Christian: The sculptural area enclosed by the arch above the doors of a cathedral.
    2. \par
  2. The area between the lintel of a doorway and the arch above it; also the triangular or segmental spece enclosed by the moldings of a pediment.
    3. \par
  3. The triangular space enclosed by the horizontal base and sloping cornices of a pediment, often decorated.
    4. \par
\par tzitzit (Hebrew)
\par Jewish:
\par
    \par
  1. The braided fringes on the four corners of a tallit, which represent the four corners of the world and which are knotted so as to correspond, numerically, with the name of God.
    2. \par
  2. A poncho-like undershirt worn by Jewish men, which has these fringes attached to its four corners.
    3. \par
\par
\par

U

\par undercroft
\par Christian: A vaulted space, sometimes underground, below the main level of a church or chapel.
\par
\par \pard Upanishads
\par \pard\nowidctlpar Hindu (from 6th Century BCE): Scriptures; early Brahministic religious texts; speculations on Vedic thought.
\par
\par
\par

V

\par Vachanamrut
\par Hindu (Gujarati): Scripture, the Lord Swaminarayan\rquote s spoken word; word for word compilation of 262 day to day discourses in Gujarati. See VachanamrutVachanamrut\par
\par vajra (also, dorje)
\par Buddhist: In Tantric Buddhism, a ritual thunderbolt or curved scepter symbolizing the Absolute. It also representes power and male energy.
\par
\par vault
\par Arched masonry covering over a building, based on the shape of the arch; used for the most part as a ceiling or roof. Common types of vaults are barrel (also known as tunnel or wagon), groin (or cross), rib and fan.
\par
\par Veda (adjective: Vedic) (Sanskrit: "knowledge")
\par Hindu: The corpus of Hindu scriptures.\par First part: Rgveda, a collection of 1,028 hymns to various gods, dividedinto 10 sections called mandalas. (see also Vedangas).
\par \pard Second part: Samaveda , a collection of extracts from the Rgveda for recitation.
\par Third part: Yajurveda. Rituals and ceremonies.
\par Fourth part: Atharvaveda: hymns and spells.
\par \pard\nowidctlpar
\par vedica (Nepalese)
\par Hindu: A sacrificial altar.
\par
\par \pard Vend\f1\fs24 a\f0\fs20 ngas
\par \pard\nowidctlpar Hindu. Addition to Rgveda in five parts.
\par \pard First: Siksa : precise pronunciation of Rgveda delineated.
\par Second: Vyakarana : grammar and philology of Rgvedas.
\par Third: Nirukta: Etymology of rare or unusual words.
\par Fourth: Chanda: Explains and offers practice in verse meters.
\par Fifth: Jyotisa : Teaches planetary science, astronomy, and astrology to calculate the right moment for religious acts.
\par
\par \pard\nowidctlpar vihara (Sanskrit, Pali)
\par Buddhist: A monastery or nunnery, usually encompassing a bahal and a bahil; a monastery, temple.
\par
\par voussoir
\par One of the wedge-shaped blocks, usually of stone, making up an arch or vault.
\par
\par Vulgate (from Latin, editio vulgata: "common edition")
\par Christian (Roman Catholic): The Latin version of the Bible completed by St. Jerome in approximately 404 CE, which came into common use in western Christendom, specifically Roman Catholic Christianity.
\par
\par

W

\par wainscot
\par Christian: The wooden panelling of pews.
\par
\par wat
\par Buddhist: A complex of buildings used in Theravada Buddhism for worship and teaching.
\par
\par westwork
\par Christian: The tower-like structure on the west end of Carolingian or Romanesque-style churches. It comprises an entrance and vestibule with a chapel above. The central structure often is flanked by stair turrets.
\par
\par wheel window
\par A window used primarily in Romanesque architecture in which mullions radiate from the center of the window like the spokes of a wheel.
\par
\par willow
\par Jewish: Plant used in the celebration of Sukkot.
\par
\par windows
\par (see also lancet, oculus, oriel, rose, wheel window...)
\par In general, the style of window is indicative of the style of the building. Romanesque churches have rounded (semicircular) heads . Oeil de boeuf ("ox eye") windows (round windows set into walls) are used in the Baroque style.
\par
\par
\par

XYZ

\par yab-yum
\par Buddhist: A Tantric erotical, symbolic of unity and oneness.
\par
\par yarmulke
\par Jewish: Skullcap worn by (some) Jewish males at times of worship (and by some at all times).
\par
\par yashiro (Japanese)
\par Shinto: One of several terms for shrine.
\par
\par yeshiva (Yiddish: place of sitting)
\par Jewish:
\par
    \par
  1. An academy of Talmud studies.
    2. \par
  2. The main educational institution of traditional Judaism, with an all-male student body usually ranging in age from early teens to mid-20s.
    3. \par
\par Yi Jing (or, I Ching) (Chinese: "Book of Changes")
\par Confucian: One of the most influential Chinese scriptures; included by Confucians in their canon of the Five Classics, but also esteemed by Taoists and others.
\par
\par yoni
\par Hindu: A stone with a hole in the center, symbolizing the female sexual aspect; usually placed with a lingam.
\par
\par Y'uqi qiqian
\par Taoist: A repository of Taoist sacred scriptures in 122 sections compiled by Zhang Junfang during the years CE 1004-1007.
\par
\par zendo (Japanese)
\par Buddhist: A meditation hall, especially in Zen Buddhism.
\par
\par ziggurat
\par A tower structure rising in consecutive and diminishing levels reached by stairs or a ramp.
\par
\par
\par
\par \par end of this magnum opus, for now.... more to come as it's coded, and uploaded! illustrations coming, too!
\par
\par (created 1997)
\par SITE UNDER (eternal) CONSTRUCTION
\par (last updated 3 February 2020)
\par \par \par }